Apparatus and method for managing data bias in a graphics processing architecture

ABSTRACT

An apparatus and method are described for managing data which is biased towards a processor or a GPU. For example, an apparatus comprises a processor comprising one or more cores, one or more cache levels, and cache coherence controllers to maintain coherent data in the one or more cache levels; a graphics processing unit (GPU) to execute graphics instructions and process graphics data, wherein the GPU and processor cores are to share a virtual address space for accessing a system memory; a GPU memory addressable through the virtual address space shared by the processor cores and GPU; and bias management circuitry to store an indication for whether the data has a processor bias or a GPU bias, wherein if the data has a GPU bias, the data is to be accessed by the GPU without necessarily accessing the processor&#39;s cache coherence controllers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/867,278, filed May 5, 2020, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/365,056, filed Mar. 26, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,650,483 issued May 12, 2020), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 15/482,685, filed Apr. 7, 2017 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,282,811 issued May 7, 2019), which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to the field of computer processors. More particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for managing data bias in a graphics processing architecture.

BACKGROUND ART

Rapid advances have recently taken place in graphics processor unit (GPU) virtualization. Virtualized graphics processing environments are used, for example, in the media cloud, remote workstations/desktops, Interchangeable Virtual Instrumentation (IVI), rich client virtualization, to name a few. Certain architectures perform full GPU virtualization through trap-and-emulation to emulate a full-featured virtual GPU (vGPU) while still providing near-to-native performance by passing through performance-critical graphics memory resources.

With the increasing importance of GPUs in servers to support 3D, media and GPGPU workloads, GPU virtualization is becoming more widespread. How to virtualize GPU memory access from a virtual machine (VM) is one of the key design factors. The GPU has its own graphics memory: either dedicated video memory or shared system memory. When system memory is used for graphics, guest physical addresses (GPAs) need to be translated to host physical addresses (HPAs) before being accessed by hardware.

There are various approaches for performing translation for GPUs. Some implementations perform translation with hardware support, but the GPU can be passed-through to one VM only. Another solution is a software approach which constructs shadow structures for the translation. For instance, shadow page tables are implemented in some architectures such as the full GPU virtualization solution mentioned above, which can support multiple VMs to share a physical GPU.

In some implementations, the guest/VM memory pages are backed by host memory pages. A virtual machine monitor (VMM) (sometimes called a “Hypervisor”) uses extended page tables (EPT), for example, to map from a guest physical address (PA) to a host PA. Many memory sharing technologies may be used, such as Kernel Same page Merging (KSM).

KSM combines pages from multiple VMs with the same content, to a single page with write protection. That is to say, if a memory page in VM1 (mapping from guest PA1 to host PA1), has the same contents as another memory page in VM2 (mapping from guest PA2 to host PA2), may use only one host page (say HPA_SH) to back the guest memory. That is, both guest PA1 of VM1 and PA2 of VM2 are mapped to HPA_SH with write protection. This saves the memory used for the system and is particularly useful for read-only memory pages of the guest such as code pages, and zero pages. With KSM, copy-on-write (COW) technology is used to remove the sharing once a VM modifies the page content.

Mediate pass through is used in virtualization systems for device performance and sharing, where a single physical GPU is presented as multiple virtual GPU to multiple guests with direct DMA, while the privileges resource accesses from guests are still trap-and-emulated. In some implementations, each guest can run the native GPU driver, and device DMA goes directly to memory without hypervisor intervention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A better understanding of the present invention can be obtained from the following detailed description in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a computer system with a processor having one or more processor cores and graphics processors;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a processor having one or more processor cores, an integrated memory controller, and an integrated graphics processor;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a graphics processor which may be a discreet graphics processing unit, or may be graphics processor integrated with a plurality of processing cores;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a graphics-processing engine for a graphics processor;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a graphics processor;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of thread execution logic including an array of processing elements;

FIG. 7 illustrates a graphics processor execution unit instruction format according to an embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a graphics processor which includes a graphics pipeline, a media pipeline, a display engine, thread execution logic, and a render output pipeline;

FIG. 9A is a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor command format according to an embodiment;

FIG. 9B is a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor command sequence according to an embodiment;

FIG. 10 illustrates exemplary graphics software architecture for a data processing system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary IP core development system that may be used to manufacture an integrated circuit to perform operations according to an embodiment;

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary system on a chip integrated circuit that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to an embodiment;

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary graphics processor of a system on a chip integrated circuit that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores;

FIG. 14 illustrates an additional exemplary graphics processor of a system on a chip integrated circuit that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores;

FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary graphics processing system;

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary architecture for full graphics virtualization;

FIG. 17 illustrates an exemplary virtualized graphics processing architecture including virtual graphics processing units (vGPUs);

FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of a virtualization architecture with an IOMMU;

FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment in which graphics processing is performed on a server;

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment in in which a superline ownership table (SLOT) is maintained to track GPU and host bias for superlines;

FIGS. 21-22 illustrate implementations of transactions for host biased and GPU biased superlines;

FIG. 23 illustrates one embodiment which includes a SLOT cache and where SLOT may be stored within either the GPU memory or the host memory;

FIG. 24 illustrates a method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 25 illustrates one embodiment of a symmetric client-side implementation;

FIG. 26 illustrates one embodiment of an asymmetric client-side implementation;

FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating a computer system configured to implement one or more aspects of the embodiments described herein;

FIG. 28A-28D illustrate a parallel processor components, according to an embodiment;

FIGS. 29A-29B are block diagrams of graphics multiprocessors, according to embodiments;

FIG. 30A-30F illustrate an exemplary architecture in which a plurality of GPUs are communicatively coupled to a plurality of multi-core processors; and

FIG. 31 illustrates a graphics processing pipeline, according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention described below. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the embodiments of the invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the underlying principles of the embodiments of the invention.

Exemplary Graphics Processor Architectures and Data Types

System Overview

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a processing system 100, according to an embodiment. In various embodiments the system 100 includes one or more processors 102 and one or more graphics processors 108, and may be a single processor desktop system, a multiprocessor workstation system, or a server system having a large number of processors 102 or processor cores 107. In one embodiment, the system 100 is a processing platform incorporated within a system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrated circuit for use in mobile, handheld, or embedded devices.

An embodiment of system 100 can include, or be incorporated within a server-based gaming platform, a game console, including a game and media console, a mobile gaming console, a handheld game console, or an online game console. In some embodiments system 100 is a mobile phone, smart phone, tablet computing device or mobile Internet device. Data processing system 100 can also include, couple with, or be integrated within a wearable device, such as a smart watch wearable device, smart eyewear device, augmented reality device, or virtual reality device. In some embodiments, data processing system 100 is a television or set top box device having one or more processors 102 and a graphical interface generated by one or more graphics processors 108.

In some embodiments, the one or more processors 102 each include one or more processor cores 107 to process instructions which, when executed, perform operations for system and user software. In some embodiments, each of the one or more processor cores 107 is configured to process a specific instruction set 109. In some embodiments, instruction set 109 may facilitate Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC), Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), or computing via a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW). Multiple processor cores 107 may each process a different instruction set 109, which may include instructions to facilitate the emulation of other instruction sets. Processor core 107 may also include other processing devices, such a Digital Signal Processor (DSP).

In some embodiments, the processor 102 includes cache memory 104. Depending on the architecture, the processor 102 can have a single internal cache or multiple levels of internal cache. In some embodiments, the cache memory is shared among various components of the processor 102. In some embodiments, the processor 102 also uses an external cache (e.g., a Level-3 (L3) cache or Last Level Cache (LLC)) (not shown), which may be shared among processor cores 107 using known cache coherency techniques. A register file 106 is additionally included in processor 102 which may include different types of registers for storing different types of data (e.g., integer registers, floating point registers, status registers, and an instruction pointer register). Some registers may be general-purpose registers, while other registers may be specific to the design of the processor 102.

In some embodiments, processor 102 is coupled with a processor bus 110 to transmit communication signals such as address, data, or control signals between processor 102 and other components in system 100. In one embodiment the system 100 uses an exemplary ‘hub’ system architecture, including a memory controller hub 116 and an Input Output (I/O) controller hub 130. A memory controller hub 116 facilitates communication between a memory device and other components of system 100, while an I/O Controller Hub (ICH) 130 provides connections to I/O devices via a local I/O bus. In one embodiment, the logic of the memory controller hub 116 is integrated within the processor.

Memory device 120 can be a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) device, a static random access memory (SRAM) device, flash memory device, phase-change memory device, or some other memory device having suitable performance to serve as process memory. In one embodiment the memory device 120 can operate as system memory for the system 100, to store data 122 and instructions 121 for use when the one or more processors 102 executes an application or process. Memory controller hub 116 also couples with an optional external graphics processor 112, which may communicate with the one or more graphics processors 108 in processors 102 to perform graphics and media operations.

In some embodiments, ICH 130 enables peripherals to connect to memory device 120 and processor 102 via a high-speed I/O bus. The I/O peripherals include, but are not limited to, an audio controller 146, a firmware interface 128, a wireless transceiver 126 (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth), a data storage device 124 (e.g., hard disk drive, flash memory, etc.), and a legacy I/O controller 140 for coupling legacy (e.g., Personal System 2 (PS/2)) devices to the system. One or more Universal Serial Bus (USB) controllers 142 connect input devices, such as keyboard and mouse 144 combinations. A network controller 134 may also couple with ICH 130. In some embodiments, a high-performance network controller (not shown) couples with processor bus 110. It will be appreciated that the system 100 shown is exemplary and not limiting, as other types of data processing systems that are differently configured may also be used. For example, the I/O controller hub 130 may be integrated within the one or more processor 102, or the memory controller hub 116 and I/O controller hub 130 may be integrated into a discreet external graphics processor, such as the external graphics processor 112.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a processor 200 having one or more processor cores 202A-202N, an integrated memory controller 214, and an integrated graphics processor 208. Those elements of FIG. 2 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such. Processor 200 can include additional cores up to and including additional core 202N represented by the dashed lined boxes. Each of processor cores 202A-202N includes one or more internal cache units 204A-204N. In some embodiments each processor core also has access to one or more shared cached units 206.

The internal cache units 204A-204N and shared cache units 206 represent a cache memory hierarchy within the processor 200. The cache memory hierarchy may include at least one level of instruction and data cache within each processor core and one or more levels of shared mid-level cache, such as a Level 2 (L2), Level 3 (L3), Level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, where the highest level of cache before external memory is classified as the LLC. In some embodiments, cache coherency logic maintains coherency between the various cache units 206 and 204A-204N.

In some embodiments, processor 200 may also include a set of one or more bus controller units 216 and a system agent core 210. The one or more bus controller units 216 manage a set of peripheral buses, such as one or more Peripheral Component Interconnect buses (e.g., PCI, PCI Express). System agent core 210 provides management functionality for the various processor components. In some embodiments, system agent core 210 includes one or more integrated memory controllers 214 to manage access to various external memory devices (not shown).

In some embodiments, one or more of the processor cores 202A-202N include support for simultaneous multi-threading. In such embodiment, the system agent core 210 includes components for coordinating and operating cores 202A-202N during multi-threaded processing. System agent core 210 may additionally include a power control unit (PCU), which includes logic and components to regulate the power state of processor cores 202A-202N and graphics processor 208.

In some embodiments, processor 200 additionally includes graphics processor 208 to execute graphics processing operations. In some embodiments, the graphics processor 208 couples with the set of shared cache units 206, and the system agent core 210, including the one or more integrated memory controllers 214. In some embodiments, a display controller 211 is coupled with the graphics processor 208 to drive graphics processor output to one or more coupled displays. In some embodiments, display controller 211 may be a separate module coupled with the graphics processor via at least one interconnect, or may be integrated within the graphics processor 208 or system agent core 210.

In some embodiments, a ring based interconnect unit 212 is used to couple the internal components of the processor 200. However, an alternative interconnect unit may be used, such as a point-to-point interconnect, a switched interconnect, or other techniques, including techniques well known in the art. In some embodiments, graphics processor 208 couples with the ring interconnect 212 via an I/O link 213.

The exemplary I/O link 213 represents at least one of multiple varieties of I/O interconnects, including an on package I/O interconnect which facilitates communication between various processor components and a high-performance embedded memory module 218, such as an eDRAM module. In some embodiments, each of the processor cores 202A-202N and graphics processor 208 use embedded memory modules 218 as a shared Last Level Cache.

In some embodiments, processor cores 202A-202N are homogenous cores executing the same instruction set architecture. In another embodiment, processor cores 202A-202N are heterogeneous in terms of instruction set architecture (ISA), where one or more of processor cores 202A-202N execute a first instruction set, while at least one of the other cores executes a subset of the first instruction set or a different instruction set. In one embodiment processor cores 202A-202N are heterogeneous in terms of microarchitecture, where one or more cores having a relatively higher power consumption couple with one or more power cores having a lower power consumption. Additionally, processor 200 can be implemented on one or more chips or as an SoC integrated circuit having the illustrated components, in addition to other components.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a graphics processor 300, which may be a discrete graphics processing unit, or may be a graphics processor integrated with a plurality of processing cores. In some embodiments, the graphics processor communicates via a memory mapped I/O interface to registers on the graphics processor and with commands placed into the processor memory. In some embodiments, graphics processor 300 includes a memory interface 314 to access memory. Memory interface 314 can be an interface to local memory, one or more internal caches, one or more shared external caches, and/or to system memory.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 300 also includes a display controller 302 to drive display output data to a display device 320. Display controller 302 includes hardware for one or more overlay planes for the display and composition of multiple layers of video or user interface elements. In some embodiments, graphics processor 300 includes a video codec engine 306 to encode, decode, or transcode media to, from, or between one or more media encoding formats, including, but not limited to Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) formats such as MPEG-2, Advanced Video Coding (AVC) formats such as H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, as well as the Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers (SMPTE) 421M/VC-1, and Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) formats such as JPEG, and Motion JPEG (MJPEG) formats.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 300 includes a block image transfer (BLIT) engine 304 to perform two-dimensional (2D) rasterizer operations including, for example, bit-boundary block transfers. However, in one embodiment, 2D graphics operations are performed using one or more components of graphics processing engine (GPE) 310. In some embodiments, GPE 310 is a compute engine for performing graphics operations, including three-dimensional (3D) graphics operations and media operations.

In some embodiments, GPE 310 includes a 3D pipeline 312 for performing 3D operations, such as rendering three-dimensional images and scenes using processing functions that act upon 3D primitive shapes (e.g., rectangle, triangle, etc.). The 3D pipeline 312 includes programmable and fixed function elements that perform various tasks within the element and/or spawn execution threads to a 3D/Media sub-system 315. While 3D pipeline 312 can be used to perform media operations, an embodiment of GPE 310 also includes a media pipeline 316 that is specifically used to perform media operations, such as video post-processing and image enhancement.

In some embodiments, media pipeline 316 includes fixed function or programmable logic units to perform one or more specialized media operations, such as video decode acceleration, video de-interlacing, and video encode acceleration in place of, or on behalf of video codec engine 306. In some embodiments, media pipeline 316 additionally includes a thread spawning unit to spawn threads for execution on 3D/Media sub-system 315. The spawned threads perform computations for the media operations on one or more graphics execution units included in 3D/Media sub-system 315.

In some embodiments, 3D/Media subsystem 315 includes logic for executing threads spawned by 3D pipeline 312 and media pipeline 316. In one embodiment, the pipelines send thread execution requests to 3D/Media subsystem 315, which includes thread dispatch logic for arbitrating and dispatching the various requests to available thread execution resources. The execution resources include an array of graphics execution units to process the 3D and media threads. In some embodiments, 3D/Media subsystem 315 includes one or more internal caches for thread instructions and data. In some embodiments, the subsystem also includes shared memory, including registers and addressable memory, to share data between threads and to store output data.

Graphics Processing Engine

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a graphics processing engine 410 of a graphics processor in accordance with some embodiments. In one embodiment, the graphics processing engine (GPE) 410 is a version of the GPE 310 shown in FIG. 3 . Elements of FIG. 4 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such. For example, the 3D pipeline 312 and media pipeline 316 of FIG. 3 are illustrated. The media pipeline 316 is optional in some embodiments of the GPE 410 and may not be explicitly included within the GPE 410. For example and in at least one embodiment, a separate media and/or image processor is coupled to the GPE 410.

In some embodiments, GPE 410 couples with or includes a command streamer 403, which provides a command stream to the 3D pipeline 312 and/or media pipelines 316. In some embodiments, command streamer 403 is coupled with memory, which can be system memory, or one or more of internal cache memory and shared cache memory. In some embodiments, command streamer 403 receives commands from the memory and sends the commands to 3D pipeline 312 and/or media pipeline 316. The commands are directives fetched from a ring buffer, which stores commands for the 3D pipeline 312 and media pipeline 316. In one embodiment, the ring buffer can additionally include batch command buffers storing batches of multiple commands. The commands for the 3D pipeline 312 can also include references to data stored in memory, such as but not limited to vertex and geometry data for the 3D pipeline 312 and/or image data and memory objects for the media pipeline 316. The 3D pipeline 312 and media pipeline 316 process the commands and data by performing operations via logic within the respective pipelines or by dispatching one or more execution threads to a graphics core array 414.

In various embodiments the 3D pipeline 312 can execute one or more shader programs, such as vertex shaders, geometry shaders, pixel shaders, fragment shaders, compute shaders, or other shader programs, by processing the instructions and dispatching execution threads to the graphics core array 414. The graphics core array 414 provides a unified block of execution resources. Multi-purpose execution logic (e.g., execution units) within the graphic core array 414 includes support for various 3D API shader languages and can execute multiple simultaneous execution threads associated with multiple shaders.

In some embodiments the graphics core array 414 also includes execution logic to perform media functions, such as video and/or image processing. In one embodiment, the execution units additionally include general-purpose logic that is programmable to perform parallel general purpose computational operations, in addition to graphics processing operations. The general purpose logic can perform processing operations in parallel or in conjunction with general purpose logic within the processor core(s) 107 of FIG. 1 or core 202A-202N as in FIG. 2 .

Output data generated by threads executing on the graphics core array 414 can output data to memory in a unified return buffer (URB) 418. The URB 418 can store data for multiple threads. In some embodiments the URB 418 may be used to send data between different threads executing on the graphics core array 414. In some embodiments the URB 418 may additionally be used for synchronization between threads on the graphics core array and fixed function logic within the shared function logic 420.

In some embodiments, graphics core array 414 is scalable, such that the array includes a variable number of graphics cores, each having a variable number of execution units based on the target power and performance level of GPE 410. In one embodiment the execution resources are dynamically scalable, such that execution resources may be enabled or disabled as needed.

The graphics core array 414 couples with shared function logic 420 that includes multiple resources that are shared between the graphics cores in the graphics core array. The shared functions within the shared function logic 420 are hardware logic units that provide specialized supplemental functionality to the graphics core array 414. In various embodiments, shared function logic 420 includes but is not limited to sampler 421, math 422, and inter-thread communication (ITC) 423 logic. Additionally, some embodiments implement one or more cache(s) 425 within the shared function logic 420. A shared function is implemented where the demand for a given specialized function is insufficient for inclusion within the graphics core array 414. Instead a single instantiation of that specialized function is implemented as a stand-alone entity in the shared function logic 420 and shared among the execution resources within the graphics core array 414. The precise set of functions that are shared between the graphics core array 414 and included within the graphics core array 414 varies between embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a graphics processor 500. Elements of FIG. 5 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 500 includes a ring interconnect 502, a pipeline front-end 504, a media engine 537, and graphics cores 580A-580N. In some embodiments, ring interconnect 502 couples the graphics processor to other processing units, including other graphics processors or one or more general-purpose processor cores. In some embodiments, the graphics processor is one of many processors integrated within a multi-core processing system.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 500 receives batches of commands via ring interconnect 502. The incoming commands are interpreted by a command streamer 503 in the pipeline front-end 504. In some embodiments, graphics processor 500 includes scalable execution logic to perform 3D geometry processing and media processing via the graphics core(s) 580A-580N. For 3D geometry processing commands, command streamer 503 supplies commands to geometry pipeline 536. For at least some media processing commands, command streamer 503 supplies the commands to a video front end 534, which couples with a media engine 537. In some embodiments, media engine 537 includes a Video Quality Engine (VQE) 530 for video and image post-processing and a multi-format encode/decode (MFX) 533 engine to provide hardware-accelerated media data encode and decode. In some embodiments, geometry pipeline 536 and media engine 537 each generate execution threads for the thread execution resources provided by at least one graphics core 580A.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 500 includes scalable thread execution resources featuring modular cores 580A-580N (sometimes referred to as core slices), each having multiple sub-cores 550A-550N, 560A-560N (sometimes referred to as core sub-slices). In some embodiments, graphics processor 500 can have any number of graphics cores 580A through 580N. In some embodiments, graphics processor 500 includes a graphics core 580A having at least a first sub-core 550A and a second sub-core 560A. In other embodiments, the graphics processor is a low power processor with a single sub-core (e.g., 550A). In some embodiments, graphics processor 500 includes multiple graphics cores 580A-580N, each including a set of first sub-cores 550A-550N and a set of second sub-cores 560A-560N. Each sub-core in the set of first sub-cores 550A-550N includes at least a first set of execution units 552A-552N and media/texture samplers 554A-554N. Each sub-core in the set of second sub-cores 560A-560N includes at least a second set of execution units 562A-562N and samplers 564A-564N. In some embodiments, each sub-core 550A-550N, 560A-560N shares a set of shared resources 570A-570N. In some embodiments, the shared resources include shared cache memory and pixel operation logic. Other shared resources may also be included in the various embodiments of the graphics processor.

Execution Units

FIG. 6 illustrates thread execution logic 600 including an array of processing elements employed in some embodiments of a GPE. Elements of FIG. 6 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such.

In some embodiments, thread execution logic 600 includes a shader processor 602, a thread dispatcher 604, instruction cache 606, a scalable execution unit array including a plurality of execution units 608A-608N, a sampler 610, a data cache 612, and a data port 614. In one embodiment the scalable execution unit array can dynamically scale by enabling or disabling one or more execution units (e.g., any of execution unit 608A, 608B, 608C, 608D, through 608N-1 and 608N) based on the computational requirements of a workload. In one embodiment the included components are interconnected via an interconnect fabric that links to each of the components. In some embodiments, thread execution logic 600 includes one or more connections to memory, such as system memory or cache memory, through one or more of instruction cache 606, data port 614, sampler 610, and execution units 608A-608N. In some embodiments, each execution unit (e.g. 608A) is a stand-alone programmable general purpose computational unit that is capable of executing multiple simultaneous hardware threads while processing multiple data elements in parallel for each thread. In various embodiments, the array of execution units 608A-608N is scalable to include any number individual execution units.

In some embodiments, the execution units 608A-608N are primarily used to execute shader programs. A shader processor 602 can process the various shader programs and dispatch execution threads associated with the shader programs via a thread dispatcher 604. In one embodiment the thread dispatcher includes logic to arbitrate thread initiation requests from the graphics and media pipelines and instantiate the requested threads on one or more execution unit in the execution units 608A-608N. For example, the geometry pipeline (e.g., 536 of FIG. 5 ) can dispatch vertex, tessellation, or geometry shaders to the thread execution logic 600 (FIG. 6 ) for processing. In some embodiments, thread dispatcher 604 can also process runtime thread spawning requests from the executing shader programs.

In some embodiments, the execution units 608A-608N support an instruction set that includes native support for many standard 3D graphics shader instructions, such that shader programs from graphics libraries (e.g., Direct 3D and OpenGL) are executed with a minimal translation. The execution units support vertex and geometry processing (e.g., vertex programs, geometry programs, vertex shaders), pixel processing (e.g., pixel shaders, fragment shaders) and general-purpose processing (e.g., compute and media shaders). Each of the execution units 608A-608N is capable of multi-issue single instruction multiple data (SIMD) execution and multi-threaded operation enables an efficient execution environment in the face of higher latency memory accesses. Each hardware thread within each execution unit has a dedicated high-bandwidth register file and associated independent thread-state. Execution is multi-issue per clock to pipelines capable of integer, single and double precision floating point operations, SIMD branch capability, logical operations, transcendental operations, and other miscellaneous operations. While waiting for data from memory or one of the shared functions, dependency logic within the execution units 608A-608N causes a waiting thread to sleep until the requested data has been returned. While the waiting thread is sleeping, hardware resources may be devoted to processing other threads. For example, during a delay associated with a vertex shader operation, an execution unit can perform operations for a pixel shader, fragment shader, or another type of shader program, including a different vertex shader.

Each execution unit in execution units 608A-608N operates on arrays of data elements. The number of data elements is the “execution size,” or the number of channels for the instruction. An execution channel is a logical unit of execution for data element access, masking, and flow control within instructions. The number of channels may be independent of the number of physical Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) or Floating Point Units (FPUs) for a particular graphics processor. In some embodiments, execution units 608A-608N support integer and floating-point data types.

The execution unit instruction set includes SIMD instructions. The various data elements can be stored as a packed data type in a register and the execution unit will process the various elements based on the data size of the elements. For example, when operating on a 256-bit wide vector, the 256 bits of the vector are stored in a register and the execution unit operates on the vector as four separate 64-bit packed data elements (Quad-Word (QW) size data elements), eight separate 32-bit packed data elements (Double Word (DW) size data elements), sixteen separate 16-bit packed data elements (Word (W) size data elements), or thirty-two separate 8-bit data elements (byte (B) size data elements). However, different vector widths and register sizes are possible.

One or more internal instruction caches (e.g., 606) are included in the thread execution logic 600 to cache thread instructions for the execution units. In some embodiments, one or more data caches (e.g., 612) are included to cache thread data during thread execution. In some embodiments, a sampler 610 is included to provide texture sampling for 3D operations and media sampling for media operations. In some embodiments, sampler 610 includes specialized texture or media sampling functionality to process texture or media data during the sampling process before providing the sampled data to an execution unit.

During execution, the graphics and media pipelines send thread initiation requests to thread execution logic 600 via thread spawning and dispatch logic. Once a group of geometric objects has been processed and rasterized into pixel data, pixel processor logic (e.g., pixel shader logic, fragment shader logic, etc.) within the shader processor 602 is invoked to further compute output information and cause results to be written to output surfaces (e.g., color buffers, depth buffers, stencil buffers, etc.). In some embodiments, a pixel shader or fragment shader calculates the values of the various vertex attributes that are to be interpolated across the rasterized object. In some embodiments, pixel processor logic within the shader processor 602 then executes an application programming interface (API)-supplied pixel or fragment shader program. To execute the shader program, the shader processor 602 dispatches threads to an execution unit (e.g., 608A) via thread dispatcher 604. In some embodiments, pixel shader 602 uses texture sampling logic in the sampler 610 to access texture data in texture maps stored in memory. Arithmetic operations on the texture data and the input geometry data compute pixel color data for each geometric fragment, or discards one or more pixels from further processing.

In some embodiments, the data port 614 provides a memory access mechanism for the thread execution logic 600 output processed data to memory for processing on a graphics processor output pipeline. In some embodiments, the data port 614 includes or couples to one or more cache memories (e.g., data cache 612) to cache data for memory access via the data port.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor instruction formats 700 according to some embodiments. In one or more embodiment, the graphics processor execution units support an instruction set having instructions in multiple formats. The solid lined boxes illustrate the components that are generally included in an execution unit instruction, while the dashed lines include components that are optional or that are only included in a sub-set of the instructions. In some embodiments, instruction format 700 described and illustrated are macro-instructions, in that they are instructions supplied to the execution unit, as opposed to micro-operations resulting from instruction decode once the instruction is processed.

In some embodiments, the graphics processor execution units natively support instructions in a 128-bit instruction format 710. A 64-bit compacted instruction format 730 is available for some instructions based on the selected instruction, instruction options, and number of operands. The native 128-bit instruction format 710 provides access to all instruction options, while some options and operations are restricted in the 64-bit instruction format 730. The native instructions available in the 64-bit instruction format 730 vary by embodiment. In some embodiments, the instruction is compacted in part using a set of index values in an index field 713. The execution unit hardware references a set of compaction tables based on the index values and uses the compaction table outputs to reconstruct a native instruction in the 128-bit instruction format 710.

For each format, instruction opcode 712 defines the operation that the execution unit is to perform. The execution units execute each instruction in parallel across the multiple data elements of each operand. For example, in response to an add instruction the execution unit performs a simultaneous add operation across each color channel representing a texture element or picture element. By default, the execution unit performs each instruction across all data channels of the operands. In some embodiments, instruction control field 714 enables control over certain execution options, such as channels selection (e.g., predication) and data channel order (e.g., swizzle). For instructions in the 128-bit instruction format 710 an exec-size field 716 limits the number of data channels that will be executed in parallel. In some embodiments, exec-size field 716 is not available for use in the 64-bit compact instruction format 730.

Some execution unit instructions have up to three operands including two source operands, src0 720, src1 722, and one destination 718. In some embodiments, the execution units support dual destination instructions, where one of the destinations is implied. Data manipulation instructions can have a third source operand (e.g., SRC2 724), where the instruction opcode 712 determines the number of source operands. An instruction's last source operand can be an immediate (e.g., hard-coded) value passed with the instruction.

In some embodiments, the 128-bit instruction format 710 includes an access/address mode field 726 specifying, for example, whether direct register addressing mode or indirect register addressing mode is used. When direct register addressing mode is used, the register address of one or more operands is directly provided by bits in the instruction.

In some embodiments, the 128-bit instruction format 710 includes an access/address mode field 726, which specifies an address mode and/or an access mode for the instruction. In one embodiment the access mode is used to define a data access alignment for the instruction. Some embodiments support access modes including a 16-byte aligned access mode and a 1-byte aligned access mode, where the byte alignment of the access mode determines the access alignment of the instruction operands. For example, when in a first mode, the instruction may use byte-aligned addressing for source and destination operands and when in a second mode, the instruction may use 16-byte-aligned addressing for all source and destination operands.

In one embodiment, the address mode portion of the access/address mode field 726 determines whether the instruction is to use direct or indirect addressing. When direct register addressing mode is used bits in the instruction directly provide the register address of one or more operands. When indirect register addressing mode is used, the register address of one or more operands may be computed based on an address register value and an address immediate field in the instruction.

In some embodiments instructions are grouped based on opcode 712 bit-fields to simplify Opcode decode 740. For an 8-bit opcode, bits 4, 5, and 6 allow the execution unit to determine the type of opcode. The precise opcode grouping shown is merely an example. In some embodiments, a move and logic opcode group 742 includes data movement and logic instructions (e.g., move (mov), compare (cmp)). In some embodiments, move and logic group 742 shares the five most significant bits (MSB), where move (mov) instructions are in the form of 0000xxxxb and logic instructions are in the form of 0001xxxxb. A flow control instruction group 744 (e.g., call, jump (jmp)) includes instructions in the form of 0010xxxxb (e.g., 0x20). A miscellaneous instruction group 746 includes a mix of instructions, including synchronization instructions (e.g., wait, send) in the form of 0011xxxxb (e.g., 0x30). A parallel math instruction group 748 includes component-wise arithmetic instructions (e.g., add, multiply (mul)) in the form of 0100xxxxb (e.g., 0x40). The parallel math group 748 performs the arithmetic operations in parallel across data channels. The vector math group 750 includes arithmetic instructions (e.g., dp4) in the form of 0101xxxxb (e.g., 0x50). The vector math group performs arithmetic such as dot product calculations on vector operands.

Graphics Pipeline

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a graphics processor 800. Elements of FIG. 8 having the same reference numbers (or names) as the elements of any other figure herein can operate or function in any manner similar to that described elsewhere herein, but are not limited to such.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 800 includes a graphics pipeline 820, a media pipeline 830, a display engine 840, thread execution logic 850, and a render output pipeline 870. In some embodiments, graphics processor 800 is a graphics processor within a multi-core processing system that includes one or more general purpose processing cores. The graphics processor is controlled by register writes to one or more control registers (not shown) or via commands issued to graphics processor 800 via a ring interconnect 802. In some embodiments, ring interconnect 802 couples graphics processor 800 to other processing components, such as other graphics processors or general-purpose processors. Commands from ring interconnect 802 are interpreted by a command streamer 803, which supplies instructions to individual components of graphics pipeline 820 or media pipeline 830.

In some embodiments, command streamer 803 directs the operation of a vertex fetcher 805 that reads vertex data from memory and executes vertex-processing commands provided by command streamer 803. In some embodiments, vertex fetcher 805 provides vertex data to a vertex shader 807, which performs coordinate space transformation and lighting operations to each vertex. In some embodiments, vertex fetcher 805 and vertex shader 807 execute vertex-processing instructions by dispatching execution threads to execution units 852A-852B via a thread dispatcher 831.

In some embodiments, execution units 852A-852B are an array of vector processors having an instruction set for performing graphics and media operations. In some embodiments, execution units 852A-852B have an attached L1 cache 851 that is specific for each array or shared between the arrays. The cache can be configured as a data cache, an instruction cache, or a single cache that is partitioned to contain data and instructions in different partitions.

In some embodiments, graphics pipeline 820 includes tessellation components to perform hardware-accelerated tessellation of 3D objects. In some embodiments, a programmable hull shader 811 configures the tessellation operations. A programmable domain shader 817 provides back-end evaluation of tessellation output. A tessellator 813 operates at the direction of hull shader 811 and contains special purpose logic to generate a set of detailed geometric objects based on a coarse geometric model that is provided as input to graphics pipeline 820. In some embodiments, if tessellation is not used, tessellation components (e.g., hull shader 811, tessellator 813, and domain shader 817) can be bypassed.

In some embodiments, complete geometric objects can be processed by a geometry shader 819 via one or more threads dispatched to execution units 852A-852B, or can proceed directly to the clipper 829. In some embodiments, the geometry shader operates on entire geometric objects, rather than vertices or patches of vertices as in previous stages of the graphics pipeline. If the tessellation is disabled the geometry shader 819 receives input from the vertex shader 807. In some embodiments, geometry shader 819 is programmable by a geometry shader program to perform geometry tessellation if the tessellation units are disabled.

Before rasterization, a clipper 829 processes vertex data. The clipper 829 may be a fixed function clipper or a programmable clipper having clipping and geometry shader functions. In some embodiments, a rasterizer and depth test component 873 in the render output pipeline 870 dispatches pixel shaders to convert the geometric objects into their per pixel representations. In some embodiments, pixel shader logic is included in thread execution logic 850. In some embodiments, an application can bypass the rasterizer and depth test component 873 and access un-rasterized vertex data via a stream out unit 823.

The graphics processor 800 has an interconnect bus, interconnect fabric, or some other interconnect mechanism that allows data and message passing amongst the major components of the processor. In some embodiments, execution units 852A-852B and associated cache(s) 851, texture and media sampler 854, and texture/sampler cache 858 interconnect via a data port 856 to perform memory access and communicate with render output pipeline components of the processor. In some embodiments, sampler 854, caches 851, 858 and execution units 852A-852B each have separate memory access paths.

In some embodiments, render output pipeline 870 contains a rasterizer and depth test component 873 that converts vertex-based objects into an associated pixel-based representation. In some embodiments, the rasterizer logic includes a windower/masker unit to perform fixed function triangle and line rasterization. An associated render cache 878 and depth cache 879 are also available in some embodiments. A pixel operations component 877 performs pixel-based operations on the data, though in some instances, pixel operations associated with 2D operations (e.g. bit block image transfers with blending) are performed by the 2D engine 841, or substituted at display time by the display controller 843 using overlay display planes. In some embodiments, a shared L3 cache 875 is available to all graphics components, allowing the sharing of data without the use of main system memory.

In some embodiments, graphics processor media pipeline 830 includes a media engine 837 and a video front end 834. In some embodiments, video front end 834 receives pipeline commands from the command streamer 803. In some embodiments, media pipeline 830 includes a separate command streamer. In some embodiments, video front-end 834 processes media commands before sending the command to the media engine 837. In some embodiments, media engine 837 includes thread spawning functionality to spawn threads for dispatch to thread execution logic 850 via thread dispatcher 831.

In some embodiments, graphics processor 800 includes a display engine 840. In some embodiments, display engine 840 is external to processor 800 and couples with the graphics processor via the ring interconnect 802, or some other interconnect bus or fabric. In some embodiments, display engine 840 includes a 2D engine 841 and a display controller 843. In some embodiments, display engine 840 contains special purpose logic capable of operating independently of the 3D pipeline. In some embodiments, display controller 843 couples with a display device (not shown), which may be a system integrated display device, as in a laptop computer, or an external display device attached via a display device connector.

In some embodiments, graphics pipeline 820 and media pipeline 830 are configurable to perform operations based on multiple graphics and media programming interfaces and are not specific to any one application programming interface (API). In some embodiments, driver software for the graphics processor translates API calls that are specific to a particular graphics or media library into commands that can be processed by the graphics processor. In some embodiments, support is provided for the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL), Open Computing Language (OpenCL), and/or Vulkan graphics and compute API, all from the Khronos Group. In some embodiments, support may also be provided for the Direct3D library from the Microsoft Corporation. In some embodiments, a combination of these libraries may be supported. Support may also be provided for the Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV). A future API with a compatible 3D pipeline would also be supported if a mapping can be made from the pipeline of the future API to the pipeline of the graphics processor.

Graphics Pipeline Programming

FIG. 9A is a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor command format 900 according to some embodiments. FIG. 9B is a block diagram illustrating a graphics processor command sequence 910 according to an embodiment. The solid lined boxes in FIG. 9A illustrate the components that are generally included in a graphics command while the dashed lines include components that are optional or that are only included in a sub-set of the graphics commands. The exemplary graphics processor command format 900 of FIG. 9A includes data fields to identify a target client 902 of the command, a command operation code (opcode) 904, and the relevant data 906 for the command A sub-opcode 905 and a command size 908 are also included in some commands.

In some embodiments, client 902 specifies the client unit of the graphics device that processes the command data. In some embodiments, a graphics processor command parser examines the client field of each command to condition the further processing of the command and route the command data to the appropriate client unit. In some embodiments, the graphics processor client units include a memory interface unit, a render unit, a 2D unit, a 3D unit, and a media unit. Each client unit has a corresponding processing pipeline that processes the commands Once the command is received by the client unit, the client unit reads the opcode 904 and, if present, sub-opcode 905 to determine the operation to perform. The client unit performs the command using information in data field 906. For some commands an explicit command size 908 is expected to specify the size of the command In some embodiments, the command parser automatically determines the size of at least some of the commands based on the command opcode. In some embodiments commands are aligned via multiples of a double word.

The flow diagram in FIG. 9B shows an exemplary graphics processor command sequence 910. In some embodiments, software or firmware of a data processing system that features an embodiment of a graphics processor uses a version of the command sequence shown to set up, execute, and terminate a set of graphics operations. A sample command sequence is shown and described for purposes of example only as embodiments are not limited to these specific commands or to this command sequence. Moreover, the commands may be issued as batch of commands in a command sequence, such that the graphics processor will process the sequence of commands in at least partially concurrence.

In some embodiments, the graphics processor command sequence 910 may begin with a pipeline flush command 912 to cause any active graphics pipeline to complete the currently pending commands for the pipeline. In some embodiments, the 3D pipeline 922 and the media pipeline 924 do not operate concurrently. The pipeline flush is performed to cause the active graphics pipeline to complete any pending commands In response to a pipeline flush, the command parser for the graphics processor will pause command processing until the active drawing engines complete pending operations and the relevant read caches are invalidated. Optionally, any data in the render cache that is marked ‘dirty’ can be flushed to memory. In some embodiments, pipeline flush command 912 can be used for pipeline synchronization or before placing the graphics processor into a low power state.

In some embodiments, a pipeline select command 913 is used when a command sequence requires the graphics processor to explicitly switch between pipelines. In some embodiments, a pipeline select command 913 is required only once within an execution context before issuing pipeline commands unless the context is to issue commands for both pipelines. In some embodiments, a pipeline flush command 912 is required immediately before a pipeline switch via the pipeline select command 913.

In some embodiments, a pipeline control command 914 configures a graphics pipeline for operation and is used to program the 3D pipeline 922 and the media pipeline 924. In some embodiments, pipeline control command 914 configures the pipeline state for the active pipeline. In one embodiment, the pipeline control command 914 is used for pipeline synchronization and to clear data from one or more cache memories within the active pipeline before processing a batch of commands.

In some embodiments, commands for the return buffer state 916 are used to configure a set of return buffers for the respective pipelines to write data. Some pipeline operations require the allocation, selection, or configuration of one or more return buffers into which the operations write intermediate data during processing. In some embodiments, the graphics processor also uses one or more return buffers to store output data and to perform cross thread communication. In some embodiments, configuring the return buffer state 916 includes selecting the size and number of return buffers to use for a set of pipeline operations.

The remaining commands in the command sequence differ based on the active pipeline for operations. Based on a pipeline determination 920, the command sequence is tailored to the 3D pipeline 922 beginning with the 3D pipeline state 930 or the media pipeline 924 beginning at the media pipeline state 940.

The commands to configure the 3D pipeline state 930 include 3D state setting commands for vertex buffer state, vertex element state, constant color state, depth buffer state, and other state variables that are to be configured before 3D primitive commands are processed. The values of these commands are determined at least in part based on the particular 3D API in use. In some embodiments, 3D pipeline state 930 commands are also able to selectively disable or bypass certain pipeline elements if those elements will not be used.

In some embodiments, 3D primitive 932 command is used to submit 3D primitives to be processed by the 3D pipeline. Commands and associated parameters that are passed to the graphics processor via the 3D primitive 932 command are forwarded to the vertex fetch function in the graphics pipeline. The vertex fetch function uses the 3D primitive 932 command data to generate vertex data structures. The vertex data structures are stored in one or more return buffers. In some embodiments, 3D primitive 932 command is used to perform vertex operations on 3D primitives via vertex shaders. To process vertex shaders, 3D pipeline 922 dispatches shader execution threads to graphics processor execution units.

In some embodiments, 3D pipeline 922 is triggered via an execute 934 command or event. In some embodiments, a register write triggers command execution. In some embodiments execution is triggered via a ‘go’ or ‘kick’ command in the command sequence. In one embodiment, command execution is triggered using a pipeline synchronization command to flush the command sequence through the graphics pipeline. The 3D pipeline will perform geometry processing for the 3D primitives. Once operations are complete, the resulting geometric objects are rasterized and the pixel engine colors the resulting pixels. Additional commands to control pixel shading and pixel back end operations may also be included for those operations.

In some embodiments, the graphics processor command sequence 910 follows the media pipeline 924 path when performing media operations. In general, the specific use and manner of programming for the media pipeline 924 depends on the media or compute operations to be performed. Specific media decode operations may be offloaded to the media pipeline during media decode. In some embodiments, the media pipeline can also be bypassed and media decode can be performed in whole or in part using resources provided by one or more general purpose processing cores. In one embodiment, the media pipeline also includes elements for general-purpose graphics processor unit (GPGPU) operations, where the graphics processor is used to perform SIMD vector operations using computational shader programs that are not explicitly related to the rendering of graphics primitives.

In some embodiments, media pipeline 924 is configured in a similar manner as the 3D pipeline 922. A set of commands to configure the media pipeline state 940 are dispatched or placed into a command queue before the media object commands 942. In some embodiments, commands for the media pipeline state 940 include data to configure the media pipeline elements that will be used to process the media objects. This includes data to configure the video decode and video encode logic within the media pipeline, such as encode or decode format. In some embodiments, commands for the media pipeline state 940 also support the use of one or more pointers to “indirect” state elements that contain a batch of state settings.

In some embodiments, media object commands 942 supply pointers to media objects for processing by the media pipeline. The media objects include memory buffers containing video data to be processed. In some embodiments, all media pipeline states must be valid before issuing a media object command 942. Once the pipeline state is configured and media object commands 942 are queued, the media pipeline 924 is triggered via an execute command 944 or an equivalent execute event (e.g., register write). Output from media pipeline 924 may then be post processed by operations provided by the 3D pipeline 922 or the media pipeline 924. In some embodiments, GPGPU operations are configured and executed in a similar manner as media operations.

Graphics Software Architecture

FIG. 10 illustrates exemplary graphics software architecture for a data processing system 1000 according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, software architecture includes a 3D graphics application 1010, an operating system 1020, and at least one processor 1030. In some embodiments, processor 1030 includes a graphics processor 1032 and one or more general-purpose processor core(s) 1034. The graphics application 1010 and operating system 1020 each execute in the system memory 1050 of the data processing system.

In some embodiments, 3D graphics application 1010 contains one or more shader programs including shader instructions 1012. The shader language instructions may be in a high-level shader language, such as the High Level Shader Language (HLSL) or the OpenGL Shader Language (GLSL). The application also includes executable instructions 1014 in a machine language suitable for execution by the general-purpose processor core 1034. The application also includes graphics objects 1016 defined by vertex data.

In some embodiments, operating system 1020 is a Microsoft® Windows® operating system from the Microsoft Corporation, a proprietary UNIX-like operating system, or an open source UNIX-like operating system using a variant of the Linux kernel. The operating system 1020 can support a graphics API 1022 such as the Direct3D API, the OpenGL API, or the Vulkan API. When the Direct3D API is in use, the operating system 1020 uses a front-end shader compiler 1024 to compile any shader instructions 1012 in HLSL into a lower-level shader language. The compilation may be a just-in-time (JIT) compilation or the application can perform shader pre-compilation. In some embodiments, high-level shaders are compiled into low-level shaders during the compilation of the 3D graphics application 1010. In some embodiments, the shader instructions 1012 are provided in an intermediate form, such as a version of the Standard Portable Intermediate Representation (SPIR) used by the Vulkan API.

In some embodiments, user mode graphics driver 1026 contains a back-end shader compiler 1027 to convert the shader instructions 1012 into a hardware specific representation. When the OpenGL API is in use, shader instructions 1012 in the GLSL high-level language are passed to a user mode graphics driver 1026 for compilation. In some embodiments, user mode graphics driver 1026 uses operating system kernel mode functions 1028 to communicate with a kernel mode graphics driver 1029. In some embodiments, kernel mode graphics driver 1029 communicates with graphics processor 1032 to dispatch commands and instructions.

IP Core Implementations

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative code stored on a machine-readable medium which represents and/or defines logic within an integrated circuit such as a processor. For example, the machine-readable medium may include instructions which represent various logic within the processor. When read by a machine, the instructions may cause the machine to fabricate the logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores,” are reusable units of logic for an integrated circuit that may be stored on a tangible, machine-readable medium as a hardware model that describes the structure of the integrated circuit. The hardware model may be supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities, which load the hardware model on fabrication machines that manufacture the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit may be fabricated such that the circuit performs operations described in association with any of the embodiments described herein.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating an IP core development system 1100 that may be used to manufacture an integrated circuit to perform operations according to an embodiment. The IP core development system 1100 may be used to generate modular, re-usable designs that can be incorporated into a larger design or used to construct an entire integrated circuit (e.g., an SOC integrated circuit). A design facility 1130 can generate a software simulation 1110 of an IP core design in a high level programming language (e.g., C/C++). The software simulation 1110 can be used to design, test, and verify the behavior of the IP core using a simulation model 1112. The simulation model 1112 may include functional, behavioral, and/or timing simulations. A register transfer level (RTL) design 1115 can then be created or synthesized from the simulation model 1112. The RTL design 1115 is an abstraction of the behavior of the integrated circuit that models the flow of digital signals between hardware registers, including the associated logic performed using the modeled digital signals. In addition to an RTL design 1115, lower-level designs at the logic level or transistor level may also be created, designed, or synthesized. Thus, the particular details of the initial design and simulation may vary.

The RTL design 1115 or equivalent may be further synthesized by the design facility into a hardware model 1120, which may be in a hardware description language (HDL), or some other representation of physical design data. The HDL may be further simulated or tested to verify the IP core design. The IP core design can be stored for delivery to a 3rd party fabrication facility 1165 using non-volatile memory 1140 (e.g., hard disk, flash memory, or any non-volatile storage medium). Alternatively, the IP core design may be transmitted (e.g., via the Internet) over a wired connection 1150 or wireless connection 1160. The fabrication facility 1165 may then fabricate an integrated circuit that is based at least in part on the IP core design. The fabricated integrated circuit can be configured to perform operations in accordance with at least one embodiment described herein.

Exemplary System on a Chip Integrated Circuit

FIGS. 12-14 illustrate exemplary integrated circuits and associated graphics processors that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to various embodiments described herein. In addition to what is illustrated, other logic and circuits may be included, including additional graphics processors/cores, peripheral interface controllers, or general purpose processor cores.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system on a chip integrated circuit 1200 that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to an embodiment. Exemplary integrated circuit 1200 includes one or more application processor(s) 1205 (e.g., CPUs), at least one graphics processor 1210, and may additionally include an image processor 1215 and/or a video processor 1220, any of which may be a modular IP core from the same or multiple different design facilities. Integrated circuit 1200 includes peripheral or bus logic including a USB controller 1225, UART controller 1230, an SPI/SDIO controller 1235, and an I2S/I2C controller 1240. Additionally, the integrated circuit can include a display device 1245 coupled to one or more of a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) controller 1250 and a mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) display interface 1255. Storage may be provided by a flash memory subsystem 1260 including flash memory and a flash memory controller. Memory interface may be provided via a memory controller 1265 for access to SDRAM or SRAM memory devices. Some integrated circuits additionally include an embedded security engine 1270.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary graphics processor 1310 of a system on a chip integrated circuit that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to an embodiment. Graphics processor 1310 can be a variant of the graphics processor 1210 of FIG. 12 . Graphics processor 1310 includes a vertex processor 1305 and one or more fragment processor(s) 1315A1315N (e.g., 1315A, 1315B, 1315C, 1315D, through 1315N-1, and 1315N). Graphics processor 1310 can execute different shader programs via separate logic, such that the vertex processor 1305 is optimized to execute operations for vertex shader programs, while the one or more fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N execute fragment (e.g., pixel) shading operations for fragment or pixel shader programs. The vertex processor 1305 performs the vertex processing stage of the 3D graphics pipeline and generates primitives and vertex data. The fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N use the primitive and vertex data generated by the vertex processor 1305 to produce a framebuffer that is displayed on a display device. In one embodiment, the fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N are optimized to execute fragment shader programs as provided for in the OpenGL API, which may be used to perform similar operations as a pixel shader program as provided for in the Direct 3D API.

Graphics processor 1310 additionally includes one or more memory management units (MMUs) 1320A-1320B, cache(s) 1325A-1325B, and circuit interconnect(s) 1330A-1330B. The one or more MMU(s) 1320A-1320B provide for virtual to physical address mapping for graphics processor 1310, including for the vertex processor 1305 and/or fragment processor(s) 1315A-1315N, which may reference vertex or image/texture data stored in memory, in addition to vertex or image/texture data stored in the one or more cache(s) 1325A-1325B. In one embodiment the one or more MMU(s) 1320A-1320B may be synchronized with other MMUs within the system, including one or more MMUs associated with the one or more application processor(s) 1205, image processor 1215, and/or video processor 1220 of FIG. 12 , such that each processor 1205-1220 can participate in a shared or unified virtual memory system. The one or more circuit interconnect(s) 1330A-1330B enable graphics processor 1310 to interface with other IP cores within the SoC, either via an internal bus of the SoC or via a direct connection, according to embodiments.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram illustrating an additional exemplary graphics processor 1410 of a system on a chip integrated circuit that may be fabricated using one or more IP cores, according to an embodiment. Graphics processor 1410 can be a variant of the graphics processor 1210 of FIG. 12 . Graphics processor 1410 includes the one or more MMU(s) 1320A-1320B, cache(s) 1325A-1325B, and circuit interconnect(s) 1330A-1330B of the integrated circuit 1300 of FIG. 13 .

Graphics processor 1410 includes one or more shader core(s) 1415A-1415N (e.g., 1415A, 1415B, 1415C, 1415D, 1415E, 1415F, through 1315N-1, and 1315N), which provides for a unified shader core architecture in which a single core or type or core can execute all types of programmable shader code, including shader program code to implement vertex shaders, fragment shaders, and/or compute shaders. The exact number of shader cores present can vary among embodiments and implementations. Additionally, graphics processor 1410 includes an inter-core task manager 1405, which acts as a thread dispatcher to dispatch execution threads to one or more shader core(s) 1415A-1415N and a tiling unit 1418 to accelerate tiling operations for tile-based rendering, in which rendering operations for a scene are subdivided in image space, for example to exploit local spatial coherence within a scene or to optimize use of internal caches.

Exemplary Graphics Virtualization Architectures

Some embodiments of the invention are implemented on a platform utilizing full graphics processor unit (GPU) virtualization. As such, an overview of the GPU virtualization techniques employed in one embodiment of the invention is provided below, followed by a detailed description of an apparatus and method for pattern-driven page table shadowing.

One embodiment of the invention employs a full GPU virtualization environment running a native graphics driver in the guest, and mediated pass-through that achieves both good performance, scalability, and secure isolation among guests. This embodiment presents a virtual full-fledged GPU to each virtual machine (VM) which can directly access performance-critical resources without intervention from the hypervisor in most cases, while privileged operations from the guest are trap-and-emulated at minimal cost. In one embodiment, a virtual GPU (vGPU), with full GPU features, is presented to each VM. VMs can directly access performance-critical resources, without intervention from the hypervisor in most cases, while privileged operations from the guest are trap-and-emulated to provide secure isolation among VMs. The vGPU context is switched per quantum, to share the physical GPU among multiple VMs.

FIG. 15 illustrates a high level system architecture on which embodiments of the invention may be implemented which includes a graphics processing unit (GPU) 1500, a central processing unit (CPU) 1520, and a system memory 1510 shared between the GPU 1500 and the CPU 1520. A render engine 1502 fetches GPU commands from a command buffer 1512 in system memory 1510, to accelerate graphics rendering using various different features. The display engine 1504 fetches pixel data from the frame buffer 1514 and then sends the pixel data to external monitors for display.

Certain architectures use system memory 1510 as graphics memory, while other GPUs may use on-die memory. System memory 1510 may be mapped into multiple virtual address spaces by GPU page tables 1506. A 2 GB global virtual address space, called global graphics memory, accessible from both the GPU 1500 and CPU 1520, is mapped through global page tables. Local graphics memory spaces are supported in the form of multiple 2 GB local virtual address spaces, but are only limited to access from the render engine 1502, through local page tables. Global graphics memory is mostly the frame buffer 1514, but also serves as the command buffer 1512. Large data accesses are made to local graphics memory when hardware acceleration is in progress. Similar page table mechanisms are employed by GPUs with on-die memory.

In one embodiment, the CPU 1520 programs the GPU 1500 through GPU-specific commands, shown in FIG. 15 , in a producer-consumer model. The graphics driver programs GPU commands into the command buffer 1512, including a primary buffer and a batch buffer, according to high level programming APIs like OpenGL and DirectX. The GPU 1500 then fetches and executes the commands. The primary buffer, a ring buffer, may chain other batch buffers together. The terms “primary buffer” and “ring buffer” are used interchangeably hereafter. The batch buffer is used to convey the majority of the commands (up to ˜98%) per programming model. A register tuple (head, tail) is used to control the ring buffer. In one embodiment, the CPU 1520 submits the commands to the GPU 1500 by updating the tail, while the GPU 1500 fetches commands from head, and then notifies the CPU 1520 by updating the head, after the commands have finished execution.

As mentioned, one embodiment of the invention is implemented in a full GPU virtualization platform with mediated pass-through. As such, every VM is presented with a full-fledged GPU to run a native graphics driver inside a VM. The challenge, however, is significant in three ways: (1) complexity in virtualizing an entire sophisticated modern GPU, (2) performance due to multiple VMs sharing the GPU, and (3) secure isolation among the VMs without any compromise.

FIG. 16 illustrates a GPU virtualization architecture in accordance with one embodiment of the invention which includes a hypervisor 1610 running on a GPU 1600, a privileged virtual machine (VM) 1620 and one or more user VMs 1631-1632. A virtualization stub module 1611 running in the hypervisor 1610 extends memory management to include extended page tables (EPT) 1614 for the user VMs 1631-1632 and a privileged virtual memory management unit (PVMMU) 1612 for the privileged VM 1620, to implement the policies of trap and pass-through. In one embodiment, each VM 1620, 1631-1632 runs the native graphics driver 1628 which can directly access the performance-critical resources of the frame buffer and the command buffer, with resource partitioning as described below. To protect privileged resources, that is, the I/O registers and PTEs, corresponding accesses from the graphics drivers 1628 in user VMs 1631-1632 and the privileged VM 1620, are trapped and forwarded to the virtualization mediator 1622 in the privileged VM 1620 for emulation. In one embodiment, the virtualization mediator 1622 uses hypercalls to access the physical GPU 1600 as illustrated.

In addition, in one embodiment, the virtualization mediator 1622 implements a GPU scheduler 1626, which runs concurrently with the CPU scheduler 1616 in the hypervisor 1610, to share the physical GPU 1600 among the VMs 1631-1632. One embodiment uses the physical GPU 1600 to directly execute all the commands submitted from a VM, so it avoids the complexity of emulating the render engine, which is the most complex part within the GPU. In the meantime, the resource pass-through of both the frame buffer and command buffer minimizes the hypervisor's 1610 intervention on CPU accesses, while the GPU scheduler 1626 guarantees every VM a quantum for direct GPU execution. Consequently, the illustrated embodiment achieves good performance when sharing the GPU among multiple VMs.

In one embodiment, the virtualization stub 1611 selectively traps or passes-through guest access of certain GPU resources. The virtualization stub 1611 manipulates the EPT 1614 entries to selectively present or hide a specific address range to user VMs 1631-1632, while uses a reserved bit of PTEs in the PVMMU 1612 for the privileged VM 1620, to selectively trap or pass-through guest accesses to a specific address range. In both cases, the peripheral input/output (PIO) accesses are trapped. All the trapped accesses are forwarded to the virtualization mediator 1622 for emulation while the virtualization mediator 1611 uses hypercalls to access the physical GPU 1600.

As mentioned, in one embodiment, the virtualization mediator 1622 emulates virtual GPUs (vGPUs) 1624 for privileged resource accesses, and conducts context switches amongst the vGPUs 1624. In the meantime, the privileged VM 1620 graphics driver 1628 is used to initialize the physical device and to manage power. One embodiment takes a flexible release model, by implementing the virtualization mediator 1622 as a kernel module in the privileged VM 1620, to ease the binding between the virtualization mediator 1622 and the hypervisor 1610.

A split CPU/GPU scheduling mechanism is implemented via the CPU scheduler 1616 and GPU scheduler 1626. This is done because of the cost of a GPU context switch may be over 1000 times the cost of a CPU context switch (e.g., ˜700 us vs. ˜300 ns). In addition, the number of the CPU cores likely differs from the number of the GPU cores in a computer system. Consequently, in one embodiment, a GPU scheduler 1626 is implemented separately from the existing CPU scheduler 1616. The split scheduling mechanism leads to the requirement of concurrent accesses to the resources from both the CPU and the GPU. For example, while the CPU is accessing the graphics memory of VM1 1631, the GPU may be accessing the graphics memory of VM2 1632, concurrently.

As discussed above, in one embodiment, a native graphics driver 1628 is executed inside each VM 1620, 1631-1632, which directly accesses a portion of the performance-critical resources, with privileged operations emulated by the virtualization mediator 1622. The split scheduling mechanism leads to the resource partitioning design described below. To support resource partitioning better, one embodiment reserves a Memory-Mapped I/O (MMIO) register window to convey the resource partitioning information to the VM.

In one embodiment, the location and definition of virt_info has been pushed to the hardware specification as a virtualization extension so the graphics driver 1628 handles the extension natively, and future GPU generations follow the specification for backward compatibility.

While illustrated as a separate component in FIG. 16 , in one embodiment, the privileged VM 1620 including the virtualization mediator 1622 (and its vGPU instances 1624 and GPU scheduler 1626) is implemented as a module within the hypervisor 1610.

In one embodiment, the virtualization mediator 1622 manages vGPUs 1624 of all VMs, by trap-and-emulating the privileged operations. The virtualization mediator 1622 handles the physical GPU interrupts, and may generate virtual interrupts to the designated VMs 1631-1632. For example, a physical completion interrupt of command execution may trigger a virtual completion interrupt, delivered to the rendering owner. The idea of emulating a vGPU instance per semantics is simple; however, the implementation involves a large engineering effort and a deep understanding of the GPU 1600. For example, approximately 700 I/O registers may be accessed by certain graphics drivers.

In one embodiment, the GPU scheduler 1626 implements a coarse-grain quality of service (QoS) policy. A particular time quantum may be selected as a time slice for each VM 1631-1632 to share the GPU 1600 resources. For example, in one embodiment, a time quantum of 16 ms is selected as the scheduling time slice, because this value results in a low human perceptibility to image changes. Such a relatively large quantum is also selected because the cost of the GPU context switch is over 1000× that of the CPU context switch, so it can't be as small as the time slice in the CPU scheduler 1616. The commands from a VM 1631-1632 are submitted to the GPU 1600 continuously, until the guest/VM runs out of its time-slice. In one embodiment, the GPU scheduler 1626 waits for the guest ring buffer to become idle before switching, because most GPUs today are non-preemptive, which may impact fairness. To minimize the wait overhead, a coarse-grain flow control mechanism may be implemented, by tracking the command submission to guarantee the piled commands, at any time, are within a certain limit. Therefore, the time drift between the allocated time slice and the execution time is relatively small, compared to the large quantum, so a coarse-grain QoS policy is achieved.

In one embodiment, on a render context switch, the internal pipeline state and I/O register states are saved and restored, and a cache/TLB flush is performed, when switching the render engine among vGPUs 1624. The internal pipeline state is invisible to the CPU, but can be saved and restored through GPU commands Saving/restoring I/O register states can be achieved through reads/writes to a list of the registers in the render context. Internal caches and Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLB) included in modern GPUs to accelerate data accesses and address translations, must be flushed using commands at the render context switch, to guarantee isolation and correctness. The steps used to switch a context in one embodiment are: 1) save current I/O states, 2) flush the current context, 3) use the additional commands to save the current context, 4) use the additional commands to restore the new context, and 5) restore I/O state of the new context.

As mentioned, one embodiment uses a dedicated ring buffer to carry the additional GPU commands. The (audited) guest ring buffer may be reused for performance, but it is not safe to directly insert the commands into the guest ring buffer, because the CPU may continue to queue more commands, leading to overwritten content. To avoid a race condition, one embodiment switches from the guest ring buffer to its own dedicated ring buffer. At the end of the context switch, this embodiment switches from the dedicated ring buffer to the guest ring buffer of the new VM.

One embodiment reuses the privileged VM 1620 graphics driver to initialize the display engine, and then manages the display engine to show different VM frame buffers.

When two vGPUs 1624 have the same resolution, only the frame buffer locations are switched. For different resolutions, the privileged VM may use a hardware scalar, a common feature in modern GPUs, to scale the resolution up and down automatically. Both techniques take mere milliseconds. In many cases, display management may not be needed such as when the VM is not shown on the physical display (e.g., when it is hosted on the remote servers).

As illustrated in FIG. 16 , one embodiment passes through the accesses to the frame buffer and command buffer to accelerate performance-critical operations from a VM 1631-1632. For the global graphics memory space, 2 GB in size, graphics memory resource partitioning and address space ballooning techniques may be employed. For the local graphics memory spaces, each also with a size of 2 GB, a per-VM local graphics memory may be implemented through the render context switch, due to local graphics memory being accessible only by the GPU 1600.

As mentioned, one embodiment partitions the global graphics memory among VMs 1631-1632. As explained above, a split CPU/GPU scheduling mechanism requires that the global graphics memory of different VMs can be accessed simultaneously by the CPU and the GPU, so each VM must be presented at any time with its own resources, leading to the resource partitioning approach for global graphics memory.

FIG. 17 illustrates additional details for one embodiment of a graphics virtualization architecture 1700 which includes multiple VMs, e.g., VM 1730 and VM 1740, managed by hypervisor 1710, including access to a full array of GPU features in a GPU 1720. In various embodiments, hypervisor 1710 may enable VM 1730 or VM 1740 to utilize graphics memory and other GPU resources for GPU virtualization. One or more virtual GPUs (vGPUs), e.g., vGPUs 1760A and 1760B, may access the full functionality provided by GPU 1720 hardware based on the GPU virtualization technology. In various embodiments, hypervisor 1710 may track, manage resources and lifecycles of the vGPUs 1760A and 1760B as described herein.

In some embodiments, vGPUs 1760A-B may include virtual GPU devices presented to VMs 1730, 1740 and may be used to interactive with native GPU drivers (e.g., as described above with respect to FIG. 16 ). VM 1730 or VM 1740 may then access the full array of GPU features and use virtual GPU devices in vGPUs 1760A-B to access virtual graphics processors. For instance, once VM 1730 is trapped into hypervisor 1710, hypervisor 1710 may manipulate a vGPU instance, e.g., vGPU 1760A, and determine whether VM 1730 may access virtual GPU devices in vGPU 1760A. The vGPU context may be switched per quantum or event. In some embodiments, the context switch may happen per GPU render engine such as 3D render engine 1722 or blitter render engine 1724. The periodic switching allows multiple VMs to share a physical GPU in a manner that is transparent to the workloads of the VMs.

GPU virtualization may take various forms. In some embodiments, VM 1730 may be enabled with device pass-through, where the entire GPU 1720 is presented to VM 1730 as if they are directly connected. Much like a single central processing unit (CPU) core may be assigned for exclusive use by VM 1730, GPU 1720 may also be assigned for exclusive use by VM 1730, e.g., even for a limited time. Another virtualization model is timesharing, where GPU 1720 or portions of it may be shared by multiple VMs, e.g., VM 1730 and VM 1740, in a fashion of multiplexing. Other GPU virtualization models may also be used by apparatus 1700 in other embodiments. In various embodiments, graphics memory associated with GPU 1720 may be partitioned, and allotted to various vGPUs 1760A-B in hypervisor 1710.

In various embodiments, graphics translation tables (GTTs) may be used by VMs or GPU 1720 to map graphics processor memory to system memory or to translate GPU virtual addresses to physical addresses. In some embodiments, hypervisor 1710 may manage graphics memory mapping via shadow GTTs, and the shadow GTTs may be held in a vGPU instance, e.g., vGPU 1760A. In various embodiments, each VM may have a corresponding shadow GTT to hold the mapping between graphics memory addresses and physical memory addresses, e.g., machine memory addresses under virtualization environment. In some embodiments, the shadow GTT may be shared and maintain the mappings for multiple VMs. In some embodiments, each VM 1730 or VM 1740, may include both per-process and global GTTs.

In some embodiments, apparatus 1700 may use system memory as graphics memory. System memory may be mapped into multiple virtual address spaces by GPU page tables. Apparatus 1700 may support global graphics memory space and per-process graphics memory address space. The global graphics memory space may be a virtual address space, e.g., 2 GB, mapped through a global graphics translation table (GGTT). The lower portion of this address space is sometimes called the aperture, accessible from both the GPU 1720 and CPU (not shown). The upper portion of this address space is called high graphics memory space or hidden graphics memory space, which may be used by GPU 1720 only. In various embodiments, shadow global graphics translation tables (SGGTTs) may be used by VM 1730, VM 1740, hypervisor 1710, or GPU 1720 for translating graphics memory addresses to respective system memory addresses based on a global memory address space.

In full GPU virtualization, a static global graphics memory space partitioning scheme may face a scalability problem. For example, for a global graphics memory space of 2 GB, the first 512 megabyte (MB) virtual address space may be reserved for aperture, and the rest of them, 1536 MB, may become the high (hidden) graphics memory space. With the static global graphics memory space partitioning scheme, each VM with full GPU virtualization enabled may be allotted with 128 MB aperture and 384 MB high graphics memory space. Therefore, the 2 GB global graphics memory space may only accommodate a maximum of four VMs.

Besides the scalability problem, VMs with limited graphics memory space may also suffer performance degradation. Sometimes, severe performance downgrade may be observed in some media-heavy workloads of a media application when it uses GPU media hardware acceleration extensively. As an example, to decode one channel 1080p H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC) bit stream, at least 40 MB of graphics memory may be needed. Thus, for 10 channels of 1080p H264/AVC bit stream decoding, at least 400 MB of graphics memory space may be needed. Meanwhile, some graphic memory space may have to be set aside for surface composition/color conversion, switching display frame buffer during the decoding process, etc. In this case, 512 MB of graphics memory space per VM may be insufficient for a VM to run multiple video encoding or decoding.

In various embodiments, apparatus 100 may achieve GPU graphics memory overcommitment with on-demand SGGTTs. In some embodiments, hypervisor 1710 may construct SGGTTs on demand, which may include all the to-be-used translations for graphics memory virtual addresses from different GPU components' owner VMs.

In various embodiments, at least one VM managed by hypervisor 1710 may be allotted with more than static partitioned global graphics memory address space as well as memory. In some embodiments, at least one VM managed by hypervisor 1710 may be allotted with or able to access the entire high graphics memory address space. In some embodiments, at least one VM managed by hypervisor 1710 may be allotted with or able to access the entire graphics memory address space.

Hypervisor/VMM 1710 may use command parser 1718 to detect the potential memory working set of a GPU rendering engine for the commands submitted by VM 1730 or VM 1740. In various embodiments, VM 1730 may have respective command buffers (not shown) to hold commands from 3D workload 1732 or media workload 1734. Similarly, VM 1740 may have respective command buffers (not shown) to hold commands from 3D workload 1742 or media workload 1744. In other embodiments, VM 1730 or VM 1740 may have other types of graphics workloads.

In various embodiments, command parser 1718 may scan a command from a VM and determine if the command contains memory operands. If yes, the command parser may read the related graphics memory space mappings, e.g., from a GTT for the VM, and then write it into a workload specific portion of the SGGTT. After the whole command buffer of a workload gets scanned, the SGGTT that holds memory address space mappings associated with this workload may be generated or updated. Additionally, by scanning the to-be-executed commands from VM 1730 or VM 1740, command parser 1718 may also improve the security of GPU operations, such as by mitigating malicious operations.

In some embodiments, one SGGTT may be generated to hold translations for all workloads from all VMs. In some embodiments, one SGGTT may be generated to hold translations for all workloads, e.g., from one VM only. The workload specific SGGTT portion may be constructed on demand by command parser 1718 to hold the translations for a specific workload, e.g., 3D workload 1732 from VM 1730 or media workload 1744 from VM 1740. In some embodiments, command parser 1718 may insert the SGGTT into SGGTT queue 1714 and insert the corresponding workload into workload queue 1716.

In some embodiments, GPU scheduler 1712 may construct such on-demand SGGTT at the time of execution. A specific hardware engine may only use a small portion of the graphics memory address space allocated to VM 1730 at the time of execution, and the GPU context switch happens infrequently. To take advantage of such GPU features, hypervisor 1710 may use the SGGTT for VM 1730 to only hold the in-execution and to-be-executed translations for various GPU components rather than the entire portion of the global graphics memory address space allotted to VM 1730.

GPU scheduler 1712 for GPU 1720 may be separated from the scheduler for CPU in apparatus 1700. To take the advantage of the hardware parallelism in some embodiments, GPU scheduler 1712 may schedule the workloads separately for different GPU engines, e.g., 3D render engine 1722, blitter render engine 1724, video command streamer (VCS) render engine 1726, and video enhanced command streamer (VECS) render engine 1728. For example, VM 1730 may be 3D intensive, and 3D workload 1732 may need to be scheduled to 3D render engine 1722 at a moment. Meanwhile, VM 1740 may be media intensive, and media workload 1744 may need to be scheduled to VCS render engine 1726 and/or VECS render engine 1728. In this case, GPU scheduler 1712 may schedule 3D workload 1732 from VM 1730 and media workload 1744 from VM 1740 separately.

In various embodiments, GPU scheduler 1712 may track in-executing SGGTTs used by respective render engines in GPU 1720. In this case, hypervisor 1710 may retain a per-render engine SGGTT for tracking all in-executing graphic memory working sets in respective render engines. In some embodiments, hypervisor 1710 may retain a single SGGTT for tracking all in-executing graphic memory working sets for all render engines. In some embodiments, such tracking may be based on a separate in-executing SGGTT queue (not shown). In some embodiments, such tracking may be based on markings on SGGTT queue 1714, e.g., using a registry. In some embodiments, such tracking may be based on markings on workload queue 1716, e.g., using a registry.

During the scheduling process, GPU scheduler 1712 may examine the SGGTT from SGGTT queue 1714 for a to-be-scheduled workload from workload queue 1716. In some embodiments, to schedule the next VM for a particular render engine, GPU scheduler 1712 may check whether the graphic memory working sets of the particular workload used by the VM for that render engine conflict with the in-executing or to-be-executed graphic memory working sets by that render engine. In other embodiments, such conflict checks may extend to check with the in-executing or to-be-executed graphic memory working sets by all other render engines. In various embodiments, such conflict checks may be based on the corresponding SGGTTs in SGGTT queue 1714 or based on SGGTTs retained by hypervisor 1710 for tracking all in-executing graphic memory working sets in respective render engines as discussed hereinbefore.

If there is no conflict, GPU scheduler 1712 may integrate the in-executing and to-be-executed graphic memory working sets together. In some embodiments, a resulting SGGTT for the in-executing and to-be-executed graphic memory working sets for the particular render engine may also be generated and stored, e.g., in SGGTT queue 1714 or in other data storage means. In some embodiments, a resulting SGGTT for the in-executing and to-be-executed graphic memory working sets for all render engines associated with one VM may also be generated and stored if the graphics memory addresses of all these workloads do not conflict with each other.

Before submitting a selected VM workload to GPU 1720, hypervisor 1710 may write corresponding SGGTT pages into GPU 1720, e.g., to graphics translation tables 1750. Thus, hypervisor 1710 may enable this workload to be executed with correct mappings in the global graphics memory space. In various embodiments, all such translation entries may be written into graphics translation tables 1750, either to lower memory space 1754 or upper memory space 1752. Graphics translation tables 1750 may contain separate tables per VM to hold for these translation entries in some embodiments. Graphics translation tables 1750 may also contain separate tables per render engine to hold for these translation entries in other embodiments. In various embodiments, graphics translation tables 1750 may contain, at least, to-be-executed graphics memory addresses.

However, if there is a conflict determined by GPU scheduler 1712, GPU scheduler 1712 may then defer the schedule-in of that VM, and try to schedule-in another workload of the same or a different VM instead. In some embodiments, such conflict may be detected if two or more VMs may attempt to use a same graphics memory address, e.g., for a same render engine or two different render engines. In some embodiments, GPU scheduler 1712 may change the scheduler policy to avoid selecting one or more of the rendering engines, which have the potential to conflict with each other. In some embodiments, GPU scheduler 1712 may suspend the execution hardware engine to mitigate the conflict.

In some embodiments, memory overcommitment scheme in GPU virtualization as discussed herein may co-exist with static global graphics memory space partitioning schemes. As an example, the aperture in lower memory space 1754 may still be used for static partition among all VMs. The high graphics memory space in upper memory space 1752 may be used for the memory overcommitment scheme. Compared to the static global graphics memory space partitioning scheme, memory overcommit scheme in GPU virtualization may enable each VM to use the entire high graphics memory space in upper memory space 1752, which may allow some applications inside each VM to use greater graphic memory space for improved performance.

With static global graphics memory space partitioning schemes, a VM initially claiming a large portion of memory may only use a small portion at runtime, while other VMs may be in the status of shortage of memory. With memory overcommitment, a hypervisor may allocate memory for VMs on demand, and the saved memory may be used to support more VMs. With SGGTT based memory overcommitment, only graphic memory space used by the to-be-executed workloads may be allocated at runtime, which saves graphics memory space and supports more VMs to access GPU 1720.

Current architectures enable the hosting of GPU workloads in cloud and data center environments. Full GPU virtualization is one of the fundamental enabling technologies used in the GPU Cloud. In full GPU virtualization, the virtual machine monitor (VMM), particularly the virtual GPU (vGPU) driver, traps and emulates the guest accesses to privileged GPU resources for security and multiplexing, while passing through CPU accesses to performance critical resources, such as CPU access to graphics memory. GPU commands, once submitted, are directly executed by the GPU without VMM intervention. As a result, close to native performance is achieved.

Current systems use the system memory for GPU engines to access a Global Graphics Translation Table (GGTT) and/or a Per-Process Graphics Translation Table (PPGTT) to translate from GPU graphics memory addresses to system memory addresses. A shadowing mechanism may be used for the guest GPU page table's GGTT/PPGTT.

The VMM may use a shadow PPGTT which is synchronized to the guest PPGTT. The guest PPGTT is write-protected so that the shadow PPGTT can be continually synchronized to the guest PPGTT by trapping and emulating the guest modifications of its PPGTT. Currently, the GGTT for each vGPU is shadowed and partitioned among each VM and the PPGTT is shadowed and per VM (e.g., on a per process basis). Shadowing for the GGTT page table is straightforward since the GGTT PDE table stays in the PCI bar0 MMIO range. However, the shadow for the PPGTT relies on write-protection of the Guest PPGTT page table and the traditional shadow page table is very complicated (and therefore buggy) and inefficient. For example, the CPU shadow page table has ˜30% performance overhead in current architectures. Thus, in some of these systems an enlightened shadow page table is used, which modifies the guest graphics driver to cooperate in identifying a page used for the page table page, and/or when it is released.

The embodiments of the invention include a memory management unit (MMU) such as an I/O memory management unit (IOMMU) to remap from a guest PPGTT-mapped GPN (guest page numbers) to HPN (host page number), without relying on the low efficiency/complicated shadow PPGTT. At the same time, one embodiment retains the global shadow GGTT page table for address ballooning. These techniques are referred to generally as hybrid layer of address mapping (HLAM).

An IOMMU by default cannot be used in certain mediated pass-through architectures since only a single second level translation is available with multiple VMs. One embodiment of the invention resolves this problem, utilizing the following techniques:

-   -   1. Using the IOMMU to conduct two layers of translation without         the shadow PPGTT. In particular, in one embodiment, the GPU         translates from graphics memory address (GM_ADDR) to GPN, and         the IOMMU translates from the GPN to HPN, rather than the shadow         PPGTT which translates from the GM_ADDR to HPN with         write-protection applied to the guest PPGTT.     -   2. In one embodiment, the IOMMU page table is managed per VM,         and is switched (or maybe partially switched) when the vGPU is         switched. That is, the corresponding VM's IOMMU page table is         loaded when the VM/vGPU is scheduled in.     -   3. However, the GGTT-mapped addresses are shared in one         embodiment, and this global shadow GGTT must remain valid         because the vCPU may access the GGTT-mapped address (e.g., such         as the aperture), even when the vGPU of this VM is not scheduled         in. As such, one embodiment of the invention uses a hybrid layer         of address translation which retains the global shadow GGTT, but         directly uses the guest PPGTT.     -   4. In one embodiment, the GPN address space is partitioned to         shift the GGTT-mapped GPN address (which becomes input to the         IOMMU, like the GPN) to a dedicated address range. This can be         achieved by trapping and emulating the GGTT page table. In one         embodiment, the GPN is modified from the GGTT with a large         offset to avoid overlap with the PPGTT in the IOMMU mapping.

FIG. 18 illustrates an architecture employed in one embodiment in which an IOMMU 1830 is enabled for device virtualization. The illustrated architecture includes two VMs 1801, 1811 executed on hypervisor/VMM 1820 (although the underlying principles of the invention may be implemented with any number of VMs). Each VM 1801, 1811 includes a driver 1802, 1812 (e.g., a native graphics driver) which manages a guest PPGTT and GGTT 1803, 1813, respectively. The illustrated IOMMU 1830 includes a HLAM module 1831 for implementing the hybrid layer of address mapping techniques described herein. Notably, in this embodiment, shadow PPGTTs are not present.

In one embodiment, the entire Guest VM's (guest VM 1811 in the example) GPN to HPN translation page table 1833 is prepared in the IOMMU mapping, and each vGPU switch triggers an IOMMU page table swap. That is, as each VM 1801, 1811 is scheduled in, its corresponding GPN to HPN translation table 1833 is swapped in. In one embodiment, the HLAM 1831 differentiates between GGTT GPNs and PPGTT GPNs and modifies the GGTT GPNs so that they do not overlap with the PPGTT GPNs when performing a lookup in the translation table 1833. In particular, in one embodiment, virtual GPN generation logic 1832 converts the GGTT GPN into a virtual GPN which is then used to perform a lookup in the translation table 1833 to identify the corresponding HPN.

In one embodiment, the virtual GPN is generated by shifting the GGTT by a specified (potentially large) offset to ensure that the mapped addresses do not overlap/conflict with the PPGTT GPN. In addition, in one embodiment, since the CPU may access the GGTT mapped address (e.g., the aperture) anytime, the global shadow GGTT will always be valid and remain in the per VM's IOMMU mapping 1833.

In one embodiment, the hybrid layer address mapping 1831 solution partitions the IOMMU address range into two parts: a lower part reserved for PPGTT GPN-to-HPN translation, and an upper part reserved for GGTT virtual GPN-to-HPN translation. Since the GPN is provided by the VM/Guest 1811, the GPN should be in the range of the guest memory size. In one embodiment, the guest PPGTT page tables are left unaltered and all GPNs from the PPGTT are directly send to the graphics translation hardware/IOMMU by the workload execution. However, in one embodiment, the MMIO read/write from guest VMs is trapped and GGTT page table changes are captured and altered as described herein (e.g., adding a large offset to the GPN in order to ensure no overlap with the PPGTT mapping in the IOMMU).

Remote Virtualized Graphics Processing

In some embodiments of the invention, a server performs graphics virtualization, virtualizing physical GPUs and running graphics applications on behalf of clients. FIG. 19 illustrates one such embodiment in which two clients 1901-1902 are connected to servers 1930 over a network 1910 such as the Internet and/or a private network. The servers 1930 implement a virtualized graphics environment in which a hypervisor 1960 allocates resources from one or more physical GPUs 1938, presenting the resources as virtual GPUs 1934-1935 to VMs/applications 1932-1933. The graphics processing resources may allocated in accordance with resource allocation policies 1961 which may cause the hypervisor 1960 to allocate resources based on the requirements of the applications 1932-1933 (e.g., higher performance graphics applications requiring more resources), the user account associated with the applications 1932-1933 (e.g., with certain users paying a premium for higher performance), and/or the current load on the system. The GPU resources being allocated may include, for example, sets of graphics processing engines such as 3D engines, blit engines, execution units, and media engines, to name a few.

In one embodiment, a user of each client 1901-1902 has an account on the service hosting the server(s) 1930. For example, the service may offer a subscription service to provide users remote access to online applications 1932-1933 such as video games, productivity applications, and multi-player virtual reality applications. In one embodiment, the applications are executed remotely on a virtual machine in response to user input 1907-1908 from the clients 1901-1902. Although not illustrated in FIG. 19 , one or more CPUs may also be virtualized and used to execute the applications 1932-1933, with graphics processing operations offloaded to the vGPUs 1934-1935.

In one embodiment, a sequence of image frames are generated by the vGPUs 1934-1935 in response to the execution of the graphics operations. For example, in a first person shooter game, a user may specify input 1907 to move a character around a fantasy world. In one embodiment, the resulting images are compressed (e.g., by compression circuitry/logic, not shown) and streamed over the network 1910 to the clients 1901-1902. In one implementation, a video compression algorithm such as H.261 may be used; however, various different compression techniques may be used. Decoders 1905-1906 decode the incoming video streams, which are then rendered on respective displays 1903-1904 of the clients 1901-1902.

Using the system illustrated in FIG. 19 , high performance graphics processing resources such as GPUs 1938 may be allocated to different clients who subscribe to the service. In an online gaming implementation, for example, the servers 1930 may host new video games as they are released. The video game program code is then executed in the virtualized environment and the resulting video frames compressed and streamed to each client 1901-1902. The clients 1901-1902 in this architecture do not require significant graphics processing resources. For example, even a relatively low power smartphone or tablet with a decoder 1905-1906 will be capable of decompressing a video stream. Thus, the latest graphics-intensive video games may be played on any type of client capable of compressing video. While video games are described as one possible implementation, the underlying principles of the invention may be used for any form of application which requires graphics processing resources (e.g., graphic design applications, interactive and non-interactive ray tracing applications, productivity software, video editing software, etc).

Apparatus and Method for Managing Data Bias in a Graphics Processing Architecture

Existing per-cacheline coherency between an accelerator device such as a graphics processor and a processor is inefficient and expensive. Server multi-die solutions and multi-socket (e.g., PCIe graphics) make the coherency problem worse due to a significantly higher GPU direct-attach memory bandwidth (e.g., HBM or GDDR), but much lower cross-die or cross-socket snoop bandwidth and high snoop latency.

To address these issues, one embodiment of the invention reduces coherency protocol overhead for CPU/accelerator sharing, making coherent performance roughly equal to non-coherent performance. This embodiment maintains hardware-enforced coherency mechanisms for processor/GPU sharing and has no impact on CPU performance for non-shared workloads.

In particular, one embodiment implements a bias protocol on naturally aligned, contagious regions of memory (1 KB-4 KB), referred to as a “superlines,” which are tracked using a “superline ownership table” (SLOT) or “bias table.” Superlines may be designated to be any size including, for example, a full memory page, 1/n of a memory page, or a multiple of a cache line.

As illustrated in FIG. 20 , in one implementation, a GPU 2010 or other accelerator device includes SLOT management circuitry 2013 which specifies a range of superlines which the GPU 2010 will process. A copy of this data is then transferred to a local memory 2015 of the GPU 2010, which may process the data from the local memory 2015. The SLOT management circuitry 2013 may set a bit for each superline to indicate that it has an accelerator/GPU Bias. While the SLOT management circuitry 2013 is illustrated within the GPU 2010, in other embodiments, the SLOT management circuitry 2013 may be integrated within the CPU complex 2001 or the system agent 2021. Alternatively, the SLOT management circuitry 2013 may be distributed across the GPU 2010, CPU 2001, and/or system agent 2021.

In one implementation, the SLOT 2031 tracks who “owns” a given Superline at any given time. As shown in FIG. 20 , the complete table 2031 may be stored in system memory 2030 while cached versions, 2011 and 2022, may be stored on-die, within the GPU 2010 and system agent 2021, respectively. In one embodiment, the cached versions 2011, 2022 may comprise a subset of the entire SLOT table 2031. Ownership transition may be hardware autonomous or initiated by software, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment, when a GPU 2010 needs to process a large block of data, it pulls the data into its local memory 2015 (e.g., HBM, GDDR memory, etc) and updates the SLOT table 2031 to indicate that it is the current “owner” of the block of data. For example, a bit may be set for each superline of the block to indicate that it is being processed by the GPU 2010. This will typically be a portion of data that the CPU 2001 does not need to access frequently. A portion of the data may be cached within the GPU's L3 cache 2011 when executing graphics operations.

In one embodiment, the GPU 2010 includes a local SLOT cache 2012 to store recently accessed portions of the primary SLOT table 2031. In addition, the system agent 2021 may also include a slot cache 2022 to provide efficient access to SLOT data by the cores of the CPU 2001. A SLOT cache may also be maintained on the CPU (not shown). Cache coherence circuitry may ensure coherency between SLOT cache 2022 and SLOT cache 2012. Any form of cache coherency protocol may be used.

In one embodiment, SLOT only covers the HBM memory (e.g. 8 GB) or GDDR memory, which is directly attached to the accelerator or GPU. The whole SLOT table can be inside the GPU, to simplify implementation. The non-accelerator memory (e.g. DDR) is not covered by SLOT.

In one embodiment, the CPU 2001 does not have a SLOT table and will not track any superline-based coherency. Only the accelerator or GPU 2010 will have a SLOT table 2031 and track ownership of the local HBM or GDDR memory 2015. In one implementation, all CPU 2001 requests towards the local memory 2015 will snoop the GPU SLOT table 2031 to check ownership. New coherent commands are used in the system to speed up superline ownership transfer. For example, a “superline flush” command may be used to flush out the entire superline out of CPU caches 2002 or GPU caches 2012.

One implementation improves the performance of GPUs with directly attached memory such as stacked DRAM or HBM, and simplifies application development for applications which make use of GPUs with directly attached memory. This implementation allows GPU attached memory to be mapped as part of system memory, and accessed using Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) technology (such as that used in current IOMMU implementations), but without suffering the typical performance drawbacks associated with full system cache coherence.

The ability to access GPU attached memory as part of system memory without onerous cache coherence overhead provides a beneficial operating environment for GPU offload. The ability to access memory as part of the system address map allows host software to setup operands, and access computation results, without the overhead of tradition I/O DMA data copies. Such traditional copies involve driver calls, interrupts and memory mapped I/O (MMIO) accesses that are all inefficient relative to simple memory accesses. At the same time, the ability to access GPU attached memory without cache coherence overheads can be critical to the execution time of an offloaded computation. In cases with substantial streaming write memory traffic, for example, cache coherence overhead can cut the effective write bandwidth seen by a GPU in half. The efficiency of operand setup, the efficiency of results access and the efficiency of GPU computation all play a role in determining how well GPU offload will work. If the cost of offloading work (e.g., setting up operands; getting results) is too high, offloading may not pay off at all, or may limit the GPU to only very large jobs. The efficiency with which the GPU executes a computation can have the same effect.

One implementation applies different memory access and coherence techniques depending on the entity initiating the memory access (e.g., the GPU, a core, etc) and the memory being accessed (e.g., host memory or GPU memory). These techniques are referred to generally as a “Coherence Bias” mechanism which provides for GPU attached memory two sets of cache coherence flows, one optimized for efficient GPU access to its attached memory, and a second optimized for host access to GPU attached memory and shared GPU/host access to GPU attached memory. Further, it includes two techniques for switching between these flows, one driven by application software, and another driven by autonomous hardware hints. In both sets of coherence flows, hardware maintains full cache coherence.

As illustrated generally in FIG. 21 , one implementation applies to computer systems which include a GPU 2010 and one or more computer processor chips with processor cores and I/O circuitry 2103, where the GPU 2010 is coupled to the processor over a multi-protocol link 2110. In one implementation, the multi-protocol link 2110 is a dynamically multiplexed link supporting a plurality of different protocols including, but not limited to the On-Chip System Fabric (IOSF) protocol and/or the PCI express (PCIe) protocol (i.e., to support producer/consumer traffic, device discovery and configuration, and interrupts); an agent coherence protocol such as the on-die interface (IDI); and a memory access protocol such as the System Memory Interface Protocol 3 (e.g., SMI3+). It should be noted, however, that the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particular set of protocols. In addition, note that the GPU 2010 and Core/IO 2103 may be integrated on the same semiconductor chip or different semiconductor chips, depending on the implementation.

In the illustrated implementation, a GPU memory bus 2112 couples the GPU 2010 to a GPU memory 2015 and a separate host memory bus 2111 couples the core/IO 2103 to a host memory 2030. As mentioned, the GPU memory 2015 may comprise a High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) or a stacked DRAM (some examples of which are described herein) and the host memory 2030 may comprise a DRAM such as a Double-Data Rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (e.g., DDR3 SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, etc). However, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particular types of memory or memory protocols.

In one implementation, both the GPU 2010 and “host” software running on the processing cores within the processor chips 2103 access the GPU memory 2015 using two distinct sets of protocol flows, referred to as “Host Bias” flows and “GPU Bias” flows. As described below, one implementation supports multiple options for modulating and/or choosing the protocol flows for specific memory accesses.

The Coherence Bias flows are implemented, in part, on two protocol layers on the multi-protocol link 2110 between the GPU 2010 and one of the processor chips 2103: an IDI protocol layer and an SMI3 protocol layer. In one implementation, the Coherence Bias flows are enabled by: (a) using existing opcodes in the IDI protocol in new ways, (b) the addition of new opcodes to the existing SMI3 standard and (c) the addition of support for the SMI3 protocol to a multi-protocol link 2010 (prior links such as R-Link include only IDI and IOSF). Note that the multi-protocol link is not limited to supporting just IDI and SMI3; in one implementation, it is simply required to support at least those protocols.

As used herein, the “Host Bias” flows, illustrated in FIG. 21 are a set of flows that funnel all requests to GPU memory 2015 through the standard coherence controller 2109 in the processor chip 2103 to which the GPU 2010 is attached, including requests from the GPU itself. This causes the GPU 2010 to take a circuitous route to access its own memory, but allows accesses from both the GPU 2010 and processor cores/IO 2103 to be maintained as coherent using the processor's standard coherence controllers 2109. In one implementation, the flows use standard IDI opcodes to issues requests over the multi-protocol link to the processor's coherence controllers 2109, in the same or similar manner to the way processor cores 2109 issue requests to the coherence controllers 2109. For example, the processor chip's coherence controllers 2109 may issue UPI and IDI coherence messages (e.g., snoops) that result from requests from the GPU 2010 to all peer processor core chips (e.g., 2103) and internal processor agents 2021 on the GPU's behalf, just as they would for requests from a processor core 2103. In this manner, coherency is maintained between the data accessed by the GPU 2010 and processor cores/IO 2103.

In one implementation, the coherence controllers 2109 also conditionally issue memory access messages to the GPU's memory controller 2106 over the multi-protocol link 2110. These messages are similar to the messages that the coherence controllers 2109 send to the memory controllers that are local to their processor die, and include new opcodes that allow data to be returned directly to an agent internal to the GPU 2010, instead of forcing data to be returned to the processor's coherence controller 2109 of the multi-protocol link 2110, and then returned to the GPU 2010 as an IDI response over the multi-protocol link 2110.

In one implementation of “Host Bias” mode shown in FIG. 21 , all requests from processor cores 2103 that target GPU attached memory 2015 are sent directly to the processors coherency controllers 2109, just as they would were they targeting normal host memory 2030. The coherence controllers 2109 may apply their standard cache coherence algorithms and send their standard cache coherence messages, just as they do for accesses from the GPU 2010, and just as they do for accesses to normal host memory 2030. The coherence controllers 2109 also conditionally send SMI3 commands over the multi-protocol link 2110 for this class of requests, though in this case, the SMI3 flows return data across the multiprotocol link 2110.

The “GPU Bias” flows, illustrated in FIG. 22 , are flows that allow the GPU 2010 to access its locally attached memory 2015 without consulting the host processor's cache coherence controllers 2030. More specifically, these flows allow the GPU 2010 to access its locally attached memory via memory controller 2106 without sending a request over the multi-protocol link 2110.

In “GPU Bias” mode, requests from processor cores/IO 2103 may be issued as per the description for “Host Bias” above, but may be completed as though they were issued as “uncached” requests. This “uncached” convention is employed so that data that is subject to the GPU Bias flows can never be cached in the processor's cache hierarchy (e.g., 2011). It is this fact that allows the GPU 2010 to access GPU biased data in its memory 2015 without consulting the cache coherence controllers 2109 on the processor.

In one implementation, the support for the “uncached” processor core 2103 access flow is implemented with a globally observed, use once (“GO-UO”) response on the processors' bus (e.g., the IDI bus in some embodiments). This response returns a piece of data to a processor core 2103, and instructs the processor to use the value of the data only once. This prevents the caching of the data and satisfies the needs of the “uncached” flow. In systems with cores that do not support the GO-UO response, the “uncached” flows may be implemented using a multi-message response sequence on the memory protocol layer of the multi-protocol link 2110 (e.g., the SMI3 layer) and on the processor core's 2103 bus.

Specifically, when a processor core is found to target a “GPU Bias” page at the GPU 2010, the GPU sets up some state to block future requests to the target cache line from the GPU, and sends a special “GPU Bias Hit” response on the multi-protocol link 2110 (e.g., an SMI3 message). In response to this message, the processor's cache coherence controller 2109 returns data to the requesting processor core 2103 and immediately follows the data return with a snoop-invalidate message. When the processor core 2103 acknowledges the snoop-invalidate as complete, the cache coherence controller 2109 sends another special “GPU Bias Bock Complete” message back to the GPU 2010 on the SMI3 layer of the multi-protocol link 2110 (e.g., another SMI3 message in one embodiment). This completion message causes the GPU 2010 to clear the aforementioned blocking state.

As mentioned above, the selection of between GPU and Host Bias flows may be driven by a bias tracking data structure such as a SLOT table 2307 in the GPU memory 2015. This SLOT table 2307 may be a superline-granular structure (i.e., controlled at the granularity of a memory page, 1/n memory page, some cache line multiple, etc) that includes 1 or 2 bits per GPU-attached memory page. The SLOT table 2307, 2331 may be implemented in a stolen memory range of the GPU attached memory 2015 and/or within the host memory 2103 (as described with respect to FIG. 21 ). A bias cache 2303 in the GPU (e.g., to cache frequently/recently used entries of the SLOT table 2307). Alternatively, the entire SLOT table 2307 may be maintained within the GPU 2010.

In one implementation, the SLOT table entry associated with each access to the GPU attached memory 2015 is accessed prior the actual access to the GPU memory 2015, causing the following operations:

-   -   Local requests from the GPU 2010 that find their superline in         GPU Bias are forwarded directly to GPU memory 2015.     -   Local requests from the GPU 2010 that find their superline in         Host Bias are forwarded to the processor 2103 over the         multi-protocol link 2110 (e.g., as an IDI request in one         embodiment).     -   Requests from the processor 2103 (e.g., SMI3 requests) that find         their superline in GPU Bias complete the request using the         “uncached” flow described above.     -   SMI3 requests from the processor 2103 that find their superline         in Host Bias complete the request like a normal memory read.

The bias state of a superline can be changed either by a software-based mechanism, a hardware-assisted software-based mechanism, or, for a limited set of cases, a purely hardware-based mechanism.

One mechanism for changing the bias state employs an API call (e.g. OpenCL), which calls the GPU's device driver which, in turn, sends a message (or enqueues a command descriptor) to the GPU 2010 directing it to change the bias state and, for some transitions, perform a cache flushing operation in the host 2103. The cache flushing operation is required for a transition from Host Bias to GPU Bias, but is not required for the opposite transition.

In some cases, it is too difficult for software to determine when to make the bias transition API calls and to identify the superlines requiring bias transition. In such cases, the GPU may implement a bias transition “hint” mechanism, where it detects the need for a bias transition and sends a message to its driver indicating as much. The hint mechanism may be as simple as a mechanism responsive to a SLOT table 2331, 2307 lookup that triggers on GPU accesses to host biased superlines or host accesses to GPU biased superlines, and that signals the event to the GPU's driver via an interrupt.

Note that some implementations may require a second bias state bit to enable bias transition state values. This allows systems to continue to access superlines while those superlines are in the process of a bias change (i.e. when caches are partially flushed, and incremental cache pollution due to subsequent requests must be suppressed.)

An exemplary process in accordance with one embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 24 . The process may be implemented on the system and processor architectures described herein, but is not limited to any particular system or processor architecture.

At 2401, a particular set of superlines are placed in GPU Bias. As mentioned, this may be accomplished by updating the entries for these superlines in a SLOT table to indicate that the superlines are in GPU Bias (e.g., by setting a bit associated with each superline). In one implementation, once set to GPU Bias, the superlines are guaranteed not to be cached in host cache memory. At 2402, the superlines are allocated from GPU memory (e.g., software allocates the superlines by initiating a driver/API call).

At 2403, operands are pushed to the allocated superlines from a processor core. In one implantation, this is accomplished by software using an API call to flip the operand superlines to host bias (e.g., via an OpenCL API call). No data copies or cache flushes are required and the operand data may end up at this stage in some arbitrary location in the host cache hierarchy.

At 2404, the GPU uses the operands to generate results. For example, it may execute commands and process data directly from its local memory (e.g., 2015 discussed above). In one implementation, software uses the OpenCL API to flip the operand superlines back to GPU Bias (e.g., updating the Bias Table). As a result of the API call, commands/work descriptors are submitted to the GPU (e.g., via shared on dedicated command queues). The work descriptors/commands may instruct the GPU to flush operand superlines from the host cache, resulting in a cache flush (e.g., executed using CLFLUSH on the IDI protocol). In one implementation, the GPU executes with no host-related coherence overhead and dumps data to the results superlines.

At 2405 results are pulled from the allocated superlines. For example, in one implementation, software makes one or more API calls (e.g., via the OpenCL API) to flip the results superlines to Host Bias. This action may cause some bias state to be changed but does not cause any coherence or cache flushing actions. Host processor cores can then access, cache and share the results data as needed. Finally, at 2406, the allocated superlines are released (e.g., via software).

One or more of the embodiments described above are particularly suitable for a server implementation. Two different client-side implementations are also contemplated including a symmetric implementation and an asymmetric implementation.

In a symmetric implementation, a SLOT check is performed for both CPU and GPU accesses to the entire system memory space. FIG. 25 illustrates one particular implementation in which a SLOT table 2551 is maintained in system memory 2550 and checked in response to accesses from cores 2501-2504 and the GPU 2510. In this implementation, multiple layers of SLOT caches are maintained including a slot cache 2521 within the core snoop filter 2520, a SLOT cache 2512 within the GPU 2510, and a lower level SLOT cache 2540 which may store entries for both the cores 2501-2504 and the GPU 2510. In one embodiment, the lower level SLOT cache 2540 may be included as part of the LLC 2530 architecture. IO devices 2525 may be provided access to the lower level SLOT cache 2540 to participate in the biasing mechanisms described herein. A memory cache 2545 may also be used in one embodiment (e.g., such as an HBM or high-speed DRAM memory sitting in front of the main system memory 2550, which may utilize a relatively lower-speed and lower cost memory technology).

One embodiment of the asymmetric implementation may utilize partitioned memory. FIG. 26 illustrates an exemplary partitioned memory 2655 which includes a GPU-coherent partition 2651 and a system memory partition 2650. One goal of this embodiment is to simplify changes required to the uncore. The partitions 2650-2651 may be exposed to OS as Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) memory. In one embodiment, the driver allocates the entire “GPU coherent” partition 2651 at driver load. Applications require driver-managed allocation of GPU-coherent memory 2651.

In one implementation, SLOT is only applied to the “GPU-coherent” partition 2651. Ownership may be tracked using the SLOT cache 2512. CPU and I/O accesses to this partition are oblivious to the bias settings. All CPU last level cache (LLC) 2610 misses to the “GPU-coherent” space will need to snoop via the system agent 2630. This implementation allows LLC caching of graphics data as “non-coherent.”

In one embodiment, the graphics response to a core snoop for a “GPU-coherent” partition is as follows. The GPU 2510 looks up in the bias table for the superline, first in the SLOT cache 2512 and then in the master SLOT table 2652 stored in memory 2655. If the GPU owns the superline, it may access it freely without coordination with the CPU. If that superline is not owned by the GPU, a snoop response is sent normally to the CPU snoop filter 2610.

If the superline is marked as “GPU bias” in the SLOT 2652, a single core snoop to a superline may automatically trigger a “release” of GPU bias of that super-line. In one embodiment, the superline is first marked as “In transition to CPU bias”. New coherent requests to this superline from the GPU are then blocked. The GPU may send a snoop response to the CPU and flush all cache lines in this superline, and remove the superline entry from the SLOT table. New requests to this superline are then unblocked, and a transition back to GPU bias may be started if necessary. Hooks may be implemented for applications/drivers to request “acquire” or “release” of super-lines (e.g. software prefetch). These may be treated as hints and may not entirely rely on this interface.

In some embodiments, a graphics processing unit (GPU) is communicatively coupled to host/processor cores to accelerate graphics operations, machine-learning operations, pattern analysis operations, and various general purpose GPU (GPGPU) functions. The GPU may be communicatively coupled to the host processor/cores over a bus or another interconnect (e.g., a high-speed interconnect such as PCIe or NVLink). In other embodiments, the GPU may be integrated on the same package or chip as the cores and communicatively coupled to the cores over an internal processor bus/interconnect (i.e., internal to the package or chip). Regardless of the manner in which the GPU is connected, the processor cores may allocate work to the GPU in the form of sequences of commands/instructions contained in a work descriptor. The GPU then uses dedicated circuitry/logic for efficiently processing these commands/instructions.

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough understanding. However, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the embodiments described herein may be practiced without one or more of these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described to avoid obscuring the details of the present embodiments.

System Overview

FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating a computing system 2700 configured to implement one or more aspects of the embodiments described herein. The computing system 2700 includes a processing subsystem 2701 having one or more processor(s) 2702 and a system memory 2704 communicating via an interconnection path that may include a memory hub 2705. The memory hub 2705 may be a separate component within a chipset component or may be integrated within the one or more processor(s) 2702. The memory hub 2705 couples with an I/O subsystem 2711 via a communication link 2706. The I/O subsystem 2711 includes an I/O hub 2707 that can enable the computing system 2700 to receive input from one or more input device(s) 2708. Additionally, the I/O hub 2707 can enable a display controller, which may be included in the one or more processor(s) 2702, to provide outputs to one or more display device(s) 2710A. In one embodiment the one or more display device(s) 2710A coupled with the I/O hub 2707 can include a local, internal, or embedded display device.

In one embodiment the processing subsystem 2701 includes one or more parallel processor(s) 2712 coupled to memory hub 2705 via a bus or other communication link 2713. The communication link 2713 may be one of any number of standards based communication link technologies or protocols, such as, but not limited to PCI Express, or may be a vendor specific communications interface or communications fabric. In one embodiment the one or more parallel processor(s) 2712 form a computationally focused parallel or vector processing system that an include a large number of processing cores and/or processing clusters, such as a many integrated core (MIC) processor. In one embodiment the one or more parallel processor(s) 2712 form a graphics processing subsystem that can output pixels to one of the one or more display device(s) 2710A coupled via the I/O Hub 2707. The one or more parallel processor(s) 2712 can also include a display controller and display interface (not shown) to enable a direct connection to one or more display device(s) 2710B.

Within the I/O subsystem 2711, a system storage unit 2714 can connect to the I/O hub 2707 to provide a storage mechanism for the computing system 2700. An I/O switch 2716 can be used to provide an interface mechanism to enable connections between the I/O hub 2707 and other components, such as a network adapter 2718 and/or wireless network adapter 2719 that may be integrated into the platform, and various other devices that can be added via one or more add-in device(s) 2720. The network adapter 2718 can be an Ethernet adapter or another wired network adapter. The wireless network adapter 2719 can include one or more of a Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), or other network device that includes one or more wireless radios.

The computing system 2700 can include other components not explicitly shown, including USB or other port connections, optical storage drives, video capture devices, and the like, may also be connected to the I/O hub 2707. Communication paths interconnecting the various components in FIG. 27 may be implemented using any suitable protocols, such as PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) based protocols (e.g., PCI-Express), or any other bus or point-to-point communication interfaces and/or protocol(s), such as the NV-Link high-speed interconnect, or interconnect protocols known in the art.

In one embodiment, the one or more parallel processor(s) 2712 incorporate circuitry optimized for graphics and video processing, including, for example, video output circuitry, and constitutes a graphics processing unit (GPU). In another embodiment, the one or more parallel processor(s) 2712 incorporate circuitry optimized for general purpose processing, while preserving the underlying computational architecture, described in greater detail herein. In yet another embodiment, components of the computing system 2700 may be integrated with one or more other system elements on a single integrated circuit. For example, the one or more parallel processor(s), 2712 memory hub 2705, processor(s) 2702, and I/O hub 2707 can be integrated into a system on chip (SoC) integrated circuit. Alternatively, the components of the computing system 2700 can be integrated into a single package to form a system in package (SIP) configuration. In one embodiment at least a portion of the components of the computing system 2700 can be integrated into a multi-chip module (MCM), which can be interconnected with other multi-chip modules into a modular computing system.

It will be appreciated that the computing system 2700 shown herein is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. The connection topology, including the number and arrangement of bridges, the number of processor(s) 2702, and the number of parallel processor(s) 2712, may be modified as desired. For instance, in some embodiments, system memory 2704 is connected to the processor(s) 2702 directly rather than through a bridge, while other devices communicate with system memory 2704 via the memory hub 2705 and the processor(s) 2702. In other alternative topologies, the parallel processor(s) 2712 are connected to the I/O hub 2707 or directly to one of the one or more processor(s) 2702, rather than to the memory hub 2705. In other embodiments, the I/O hub 2707 and memory hub 2705 may be integrated into a single chip. Some embodiments may include two or more sets of processor(s) 2702 attached via multiple sockets, which can couple with two or more instances of the parallel processor(s) 2712.

Some of the particular components shown herein are optional and may not be included in all implementations of the computing system 2700. For example, any number of add-in cards or peripherals may be supported, or some components may be eliminated. Furthermore, some architectures may use different terminology for components similar to those illustrated in FIG. 27 . For example, the memory hub 2705 may be referred to as a Northbridge in some architectures, while the I/O hub 2707 may be referred to as a Southbridge.

FIG. 28A illustrates a parallel processor 2800, according to an embodiment. The various components of the parallel processor 2800 may be implemented using one or more integrated circuit devices, such as programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). The illustrated parallel processor 2800 is a variant of the one or more parallel processor(s) 28712 shown in FIG. 27 , according to an embodiment.

In one embodiment the parallel processor 2800 includes a parallel processing unit 2802. The parallel processing unit includes an I/O unit 2804 that enables communication with other devices, including other instances of the parallel processing unit 2802. The I/O unit 2804 may be directly connected to other devices. In one embodiment the I/O unit 2804 connects with other devices via the use of a hub or switch interface, such as memory hub 2705. The connections between the memory hub 2705 and the I/O unit 2804 form a communication link 2713. Within the parallel processing unit 2802, the I/O unit 2804 connects with a host interface 2806 and a memory crossbar 2816, where the host interface 2806 receives commands directed to performing processing operations and the memory crossbar 2816 receives commands directed to performing memory operations.

When the host interface 2806 receives a command buffer via the I/O unit 2804, the host interface 2806 can direct work operations to perform those commands to a front end 2808. In one embodiment the front end 2808 couples with a scheduler 2810, which is configured to distribute commands or other work items to a processing cluster array 2812. In one embodiment the scheduler 2810 ensures that the processing cluster array 2812 is properly configured and in a valid state before tasks are distributed to the processing clusters of the processing cluster array 2812. In one embodiment the scheduler 2810 is implemented via firmware logic executing on a microcontroller. The microcontroller implemented scheduler 2810 is configurable to perform complex scheduling and work distribution operations at coarse and fine granularity, enabling rapid preemption and context switching of threads executing on the processing array 2812. In one embodiment, the host software can prove workloads for scheduling on the processing array 2812 via one of multiple graphics processing doorbells. The workloads can then be automatically distributed across the processing array 2812 by the scheduler 2810 logic within the scheduler microcontroller.

The processing cluster array 2812 can include up to “N” processing clusters (e.g., cluster 2814A, cluster 2814B, through cluster 2814N). Each cluster 2814A-2814N of the processing cluster array 2812 can execute a large number of concurrent threads. The scheduler 2810 can allocate work to the clusters 2814A-2814N of the processing cluster array 2812 using various scheduling and/or work distribution algorithms, which may vary depending on the workload arising for each type of program or computation. The scheduling can be handled dynamically by the scheduler 2810, or can be assisted in part by compiler logic during compilation of program logic configured for execution by the processing cluster array 2812. In one embodiment, different clusters 2814A-2814N of the processing cluster array 2812 can be allocated for processing different types of programs or for performing different types of computations.

The processing cluster array 2812 can be configured to perform various types of parallel processing operations. In one embodiment the processing cluster array 2812 is configured to perform general-purpose parallel compute operations. For example, the processing cluster array 2812 can include logic to execute processing tasks including filtering of video and/or audio data, performing modeling operations, including physics operations, and performing data transformations.

In one embodiment the processing cluster array 2812 is configured to perform parallel graphics processing operations. In embodiments in which the parallel processor 2800 is configured to perform graphics processing operations, the processing cluster array 2812 can include additional logic to support the execution of such graphics processing operations, including, but not limited to texture sampling logic to perform texture operations, as well as tessellation logic and other vertex processing logic. Additionally, the processing cluster array 2812 can be configured to execute graphics processing related shader programs such as, but not limited to vertex shaders, tessellation shaders, geometry shaders, and pixel shaders. The parallel processing unit 2802 can transfer data from system memory via the I/O unit 2804 for processing. During processing the transferred data can be stored to on-chip memory (e.g., parallel processor memory 2822) during processing, then written back to system memory.

In one embodiment, when the parallel processing unit 2802 is used to perform graphics processing, the scheduler 2810 can be configured to divide the processing workload into approximately equal sized tasks, to better enable distribution of the graphics processing operations to multiple clusters 2814A-2814N of the processing cluster array 2812. In some embodiments, portions of the processing cluster array 2812 can be configured to perform different types of processing. For example a first portion may be configured to perform vertex shading and topology generation, a second portion may be configured to perform tessellation and geometry shading, and a third portion may be configured to perform pixel shading or other screen space operations, to produce a rendered image for display. Intermediate data produced by one or more of the clusters 2814A-2814N may be stored in buffers to allow the intermediate data to be transmitted between clusters 2814A-2814N for further processing.

During operation, the processing cluster array 2812 can receive processing tasks to be executed via the scheduler 2810, which receives commands defining processing tasks from front end 2808. For graphics processing operations, processing tasks can include indices of data to be processed, e.g., surface (patch) data, primitive data, vertex data, and/or pixel data, as well as state parameters and commands defining how the data is to be processed (e.g., what program is to be executed). The scheduler 2810 may be configured to fetch the indices corresponding to the tasks or may receive the indices from the front end 2808. The front end 2808 can be configured to ensure the processing cluster array 2812 is configured to a valid state before the workload specified by incoming command buffers (e.g., batch-buffers, push buffers, etc.) is initiated.

Each of the one or more instances of the parallel processing unit 2802 can couple with parallel processor memory 2822. The parallel processor memory 2822 can be accessed via the memory crossbar 2816, which can receive memory requests from the processing cluster array 2812 as well as the I/O unit 2804. The memory crossbar 2816 can access the parallel processor memory 2822 via a memory interface 2818. The memory interface 2818 can include multiple partition units (e.g., partition unit 2820A, partition unit 2820B, through partition unit 2820N) that can each couple to a portion (e.g., memory unit) of parallel processor memory 2822. In one implementation the number of partition units 2820A-2820N is configured to be equal to the number of memory units, such that a first partition unit 2820A has a corresponding first memory unit 2824A, a second partition unit 2820B has a corresponding memory unit 2824B, and an Nth partition unit 2820N has a corresponding Nth memory unit 2824N. In other embodiments, the number of partition units 2820A-2820N may not be equal to the number of memory devices.

In various embodiments, the memory units 2824A-2824N can include various types of memory devices, including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or graphics random access memory, such as synchronous graphics random access memory (SGRAM), including graphics double data rate (GDDR) memory. In one embodiment, the memory units 2824A-2824N may also include 3D stacked memory, including but not limited to high bandwidth memory (HBM). Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the specific implementation of the memory units 2824A-2824N can vary, and can be selected from one of various conventional designs. Render targets, such as frame buffers or texture maps may be stored across the memory units 2824A-2824N, allowing partition units 2820A-2820N to write portions of each render target in parallel to efficiently use the available bandwidth of parallel processor memory 2822. In some embodiments, a local instance of the parallel processor memory 2822 may be excluded in favor of a unified memory design that utilizes system memory in conjunction with local cache memory.

In one embodiment, any one of the clusters 2814A-2814N of the processing cluster array 2812 can process data that will be written to any of the memory units 2824A-2824N within parallel processor memory 2822. The memory crossbar 2816 can be configured to transfer the output of each cluster 2814A-2814N to any partition unit 2820A-2820N or to another cluster 2814A-2814N, which can perform additional processing operations on the output. Each cluster 2814A-2814N can communicate with the memory interface 2818 through the memory crossbar 2816 to read from or write to various external memory devices. In one embodiment the memory crossbar 2816 has a connection to the memory interface 2818 to communicate with the I/O unit 2804, as well as a connection to a local instance of the parallel processor memory 2822, enabling the processing units within the different processing clusters 2814A-2814N to communicate with system memory or other memory that is not local to the parallel processing unit 2802. In one embodiment the memory crossbar 2816 can use virtual channels to separate traffic streams between the clusters 2814A-2814N and the partition units 2820A-2820N.

While a single instance of the parallel processing unit 2802 is illustrated within the parallel processor 2800, any number of instances of the parallel processing unit 2802 can be included. For example, multiple instances of the parallel processing unit 2802 can be provided on a single add-in card, or multiple add-in cards can be interconnected. The different instances of the parallel processing unit 2802 can be configured to inter-operate even if the different instances have different numbers of processing cores, different amounts of local parallel processor memory, and/or other configuration differences. For example and in one embodiment, some instances of the parallel processing unit 2802 can include higher precision floating point units relative to other instances. Systems incorporating one or more instances of the parallel processing unit 2802 or the parallel processor 2800 can be implemented in a variety of configurations and form factors, including but not limited to desktop, laptop, or handheld personal computers, servers, workstations, game consoles, and/or embedded systems.

FIG. 28B is a block diagram of a partition unit 2820, according to an embodiment. In one embodiment the partition unit 2820 is an instance of one of the partition units 2820A-2820N of FIG. 28A. As illustrated, the partition unit 2820 includes an L2 cache 2821, a frame buffer interface 2825, and a ROP 2826 (raster operations unit). The L2 cache 2821 is a read/write cache that is configured to perform load and store operations received from the memory crossbar 2816 and ROP 2826. Read misses and urgent write-back requests are output by L2 cache 2821 to frame buffer interface 2825 for processing. Updates can also be sent to the frame buffer via the frame buffer interface 2825 for processing. In one embodiment the frame buffer interface 2825 interfaces with one of the memory units in parallel processor memory, such as the memory units 2824A-2824N of FIG. 28 (e.g., within parallel processor memory 2822).

In graphics applications, the ROP 2826 is a processing unit that performs raster operations such as stencil, z test, blending, and the like. The ROP 2826 then outputs processed graphics data that is stored in graphics memory. In some embodiments the ROP 2826 includes compression logic to compress depth or color data that is written to memory and decompress depth or color data that is read from memory. The compression logic can be lossless compression logic that makes use of one or more of multiple compression algorithms. The type of compression that is performed by the ROP 2826 can vary based on the statistical characteristics of the data to be compressed. For example, in one embodiment, delta color compression is performed on depth and color data on a per-tile basis.

In some embodiments, the ROP 2826 is included within each processing cluster (e.g., cluster 2814A-2814N of FIG. 28 ) instead of within the partition unit 2820. In such embodiment, read and write requests for pixel data are transmitted over the memory crossbar 2816 instead of pixel fragment data. The processed graphics data may be displayed on a display device, such as one of the one or more display device(s) 2710 of FIG. 27 , routed for further processing by the processor(s) 2702, or routed for further processing by one of the processing entities within the parallel processor 2800 of FIG. 28A.

FIG. 28C is a block diagram of a processing cluster 2814 within a parallel processing unit, according to an embodiment. In one embodiment the processing cluster is an instance of one of the processing clusters 2814A-2814N of FIG. 28 . The processing cluster 2814 can be configured to execute many threads in parallel, where the term “thread” refers to an instance of a particular program executing on a particular set of input data. In some embodiments, single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) instruction issue techniques are used to support parallel execution of a large number of threads without providing multiple independent instruction units. In other embodiments, single-instruction, multiple-thread (SIMT) techniques are used to support parallel execution of a large number of generally synchronized threads, using a common instruction unit configured to issue instructions to a set of processing engines within each one of the processing clusters. Unlike a SIMD execution regime, where all processing engines typically execute identical instructions, SIMT execution allows different threads to more readily follow divergent execution paths through a given thread program. Persons skilled in the art will understand that a SIMD processing regime represents a functional subset of a SIMT processing regime.

Operation of the processing cluster 2814 can be controlled via a pipeline manager 2832 that distributes processing tasks to SIMT parallel processors. The pipeline manager 2832 receives instructions from the scheduler 2810 of FIG. 28 and manages execution of those instructions via a graphics multiprocessor 2834 and/or a texture unit 2836. The illustrated graphics multiprocessor 2834 is an exemplary instance of a SIMT parallel processor. However, various types of SIMT parallel processors of differing architectures may be included within the processing cluster 2814. One or more instances of the graphics multiprocessor 2834 can be included within a processing cluster 2814. The graphics multiprocessor 2834 can process data and a data crossbar 2840 can be used to distribute the processed data to one of multiple possible destinations, including other shader units. The pipeline manager 2832 can facilitate the distribution of processed data by specifying destinations for processed data to be distributed vis the data crossbar 2840.

Each graphics multiprocessor 2834 within the processing cluster 2814 can include an identical set of functional execution logic (e.g., arithmetic logic units, load-store units, etc.). The functional execution logic can be configured in a pipelined manner in which new instructions can be issued before previous instructions are complete. The functional execution logic supports a variety of operations including integer and floating point arithmetic, comparison operations, Boolean operations, bit-shifting, and computation of various algebraic functions. In one embodiment the same functional-unit hardware can be leveraged to perform different operations and any combination of functional units may be present.

The instructions transmitted to the processing cluster 2814 constitutes a thread. A set of threads executing across the set of parallel processing engines is a thread group. A thread group executes the same program on different input data. Each thread within a thread group can be assigned to a different processing engine within a graphics multiprocessor 2834. A thread group may include fewer threads than the number of processing engines within the graphics multiprocessor 2834. When a thread group includes fewer threads than the number of processing engines, one or more of the processing engines may be idle during cycles in which that thread group is being processed. A thread group may also include more threads than the number of processing engines within the graphics multiprocessor 2834. When the thread group includes more threads than the number of processing engines within the graphics multiprocessor 2834, processing can be performed over consecutive clock cycles. In one embodiment multiple thread groups can be executed concurrently on a graphics multiprocessor 2834.

In one embodiment the graphics multiprocessor 2834 includes an internal cache memory to perform load and store operations. In one embodiment, the graphics multiprocessor 2834 can forego an internal cache and use a cache memory (e.g., L1 cache 308) within the processing cluster 2814. Each graphics multiprocessor 2834 also has access to L2 caches within the partition units (e.g., partition units 2820A-2820N of FIG. 28 ) that are shared among all processing clusters 2814 and may be used to transfer data between threads. The graphics multiprocessor 2834 may also access off-chip global memory, which can include one or more of local parallel processor memory and/or system memory. Any memory external to the parallel processing unit 2802 may be used as global memory. Embodiments in which the processing cluster 2814 includes multiple instances of the graphics multiprocessor 2834 can share common instructions and data, which may be stored in the L1 cache 2908.

Each processing cluster 2814 may include an MMU 2845 (memory management unit) that is configured to map virtual addresses into physical addresses. In other embodiments, one or more instances of the MMU 2845 may reside within the memory interface 2818 of FIG. 28 . The MMU 2845 includes a set of page table entries (PTEs) used to map a virtual address to a physical address of a tile (talk more about tiling) and optionally a cache line index. The MMU 2845 may include address translation lookaside buffers (TLB) or caches that may reside within the graphics multiprocessor 2834 or the L1 cache or processing cluster 2814. The physical address is processed to distribute surface data access locality to allow efficient request interleaving among partition units. The cache line index may be used to determine whether a request for a cache line is a hit or miss.

In graphics and computing applications, a processing cluster 2814 may be configured such that each graphics multiprocessor 2834 is coupled to a texture unit 2836 for performing texture mapping operations, e.g., determining texture sample positions, reading texture data, and filtering the texture data. Texture data is read from an internal texture L1 cache (not shown) or in some embodiments from the L1 cache within graphics multiprocessor 2834 and is fetched from an L2 cache, local parallel processor memory, or system memory, as needed. Each graphics multiprocessor 2834 outputs processed tasks to the data crossbar 2840 to provide the processed task to another processing cluster 2814 for further processing or to store the processed task in an L2 cache, local parallel processor memory, or system memory via the memory crossbar 2816. A preROP 2842 (pre-raster operations unit) is configured to receive data from graphics multiprocessor 2834, direct data to ROP units, which may be located with partition units as described herein (e.g., partition units 2820A-2820N of FIG. 28 ). The preROP 2842 unit can perform optimizations for color blending, organize pixel color data, and perform address translations.

It will be appreciated that the core architecture described herein is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. Any number of processing units, e.g., graphics multiprocessor 2834, texture units 2836, preROPs 2842, etc., may be included within a processing cluster 2814. Further, while only one processing cluster 2814 is shown, a parallel processing unit as described herein may include any number of instances of the processing cluster 2814. In one embodiment, each processing cluster 2814 can be configured to operate independently of other processing clusters 2814 using separate and distinct processing units, L1 caches, etc.

FIG. 28D shows a graphics multiprocessor 2834, according to one embodiment. In such embodiment the graphics multiprocessor 2834 couples with the pipeline manager 2832 of the processing cluster 2814. The graphics multiprocessor 2834 has an execution pipeline including but not limited to an instruction cache 2852, an instruction unit 2854, an address mapping unit 2856, a register file 2858, one or more general purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU) cores 2862, and one or more load/store units 2866. The GPGPU cores 2862 and load/store units 2866 are coupled with cache memory 2872 and shared memory 2870 via a memory and cache interconnect 2868.

In one embodiment, the instruction cache 2852 receives a stream of instructions to execute from the pipeline manager 2832. The instructions are cached in the instruction cache 2852 and dispatched for execution by the instruction unit 2854. The instruction unit 2854 can dispatch instructions as thread groups (e.g., warps), with each thread of the thread group assigned to a different execution unit within GPGPU core 2862. An instruction can access any of a local, shared, or global address space by specifying an address within a unified address space. The address mapping unit 2856 can be used to translate addresses in the unified address space into a distinct memory address that can be accessed by the load/store units 2866.

The register file 2858 provides a set of registers for the functional units of the graphics multiprocessor 324. The register file 2858 provides temporary storage for operands connected to the data paths of the functional units (e.g., GPGPU cores 2862, load/store units 2866) of the graphics multiprocessor 2924. In one embodiment, the register file 2858 is divided between each of the functional units such that each functional unit is allocated a dedicated portion of the register file 2858. In one embodiment, the register file 2858 is divided between the different warps being executed by the graphics multiprocessor 2924.

The GPGPU cores 2862 can each include floating point units (FPUs) and/or integer arithmetic logic units (ALUs) that are used to execute instructions of the graphics multiprocessor 2924. The GPGPU cores 2862 can be similar in architecture or can differ in architecture, according to embodiments. For example and in one embodiment, a first portion of the GPGPU cores 2862 include a single precision FPU and an integer ALU while a second portion of the GPGPU cores include a double precision FPU. In one embodiment the FPUs can implement the IEEE 754-2008 standard for floating point arithmetic or enable variable precision floating point arithmetic. The graphics multiprocessor 2924 can additionally include one or more fixed function or special function units to perform specific functions such as copy rectangle or pixel blending operations. In one embodiment one or more of the GPGPU cores can also include fixed or special function logic.

In one embodiment the GPGPU cores 2862 include SIMD logic capable of performing a single instruction on multiple sets of data. In one embodiment GPGPU cores 2862 can physically execute SIMD4, SIMD8, and SIMD16 instructions and logically execute SIMD1, SIMD2, and SIMD32 instructions. The SIMD instructions for the GPGPU cores can be generated at compile time by a shader compiler or automatically generated when executing programs written and compiled for single program multiple data (SPMD) or SIMT architectures. Multiple threads of a program configured for the SIMT execution model can executed via a single SIMD instruction. For example and in one embodiment, eight SIMT threads that perform the same or similar operations can be executed in parallel via a single SIMD8 logic unit.

The memory and cache interconnect 2868 is an interconnect network that connects each of the functional units of the graphics multiprocessor 2924 to the register file 2858 and to the shared memory 2870. In one embodiment, the memory and cache interconnect 2868 is a crossbar interconnect that allows the load/store unit 2866 to implement load and store operations between the shared memory 2870 and the register file 2858. The register file 2858 can operate at the same frequency as the GPGPU cores 2862, thus data transfer between the GPGPU cores 2862 and the register file 2858 is very low latency. The shared memory 2870 can be used to enable communication between threads that execute on the functional units within the graphics multiprocessor 2834. The cache memory 2872 can be used as a data cache for example, to cache texture data communicated between the functional units and the texture unit 2836. The shared memory 2870 can also be used as a program managed cached. Threads executing on the GPGPU cores 2862 can programmatically store data within the shared memory in addition to the automatically cached data that is stored within the cache memory 2872.

FIGS. 29A-29B illustrate additional graphics multiprocessors, according to embodiments. The illustrated graphics multiprocessors 2925, 2950 are variants of the graphics multiprocessor 2934 of FIG. 29C. The illustrated graphics multiprocessors 2925, 2950 can be configured as a streaming multiprocessor (SM) capable of simultaneous execution of a large number of execution threads.

FIG. 29A shows a graphics multiprocessor 2925 according to an additional embodiment. The graphics multiprocessor 2925 includes multiple additional instances of execution resource units relative to the graphics multiprocessor 2834 of FIG. 28D. For example, the graphics multiprocessor 2925 can include multiple instances of the instruction unit 2932A-2932B, register file 2934A-2934B, and texture unit(s) 2944A-2944B. The graphics multiprocessor 2925 also includes multiple sets of graphics or compute execution units (e.g., GPGPU core 2936A-2936B, GPGPU core 2937A-2937B, GPGPU core 2938A-2938B) and multiple sets of load/store units 2940A-2940B. In one embodiment the execution resource units have a common instruction cache 2930, texture and/or data cache memory 2942, and shared memory 2946.

The various components can communicate via an interconnect fabric 2927. In one embodiment the interconnect fabric 2927 includes one or more crossbar switches to enable communication between the various components of the graphics multiprocessor 2925. In one embodiment the interconnect fabric 2927 is a separate, high-speed network fabric layer upon which each component of the graphics multiprocessor 2925 is stacked. The components of the graphics multiprocessor 2925 communicate with remote components via the interconnect fabric 2927. For example, the GPGPU cores 2936A-2936B, 2937A-2937B, and 2937A-2938B can each communicate with shared memory 2946 via the interconnect fabric 2927. The interconnect fabric 2927 can arbitrate communication within the graphics multiprocessor 2925 to ensure a fair bandwidth allocation between components.

FIG. 29B shows a graphics multiprocessor 2950 according to an additional embodiment. The graphics processor includes multiple sets of execution resources 2956A-2956D, where each set of execution resource includes multiple instruction units, register files, GPGPU cores, and load store units, as illustrated in FIG. 28D and FIG. 29A. The execution resources 2956A-2956D can work in concert with texture unit(s) 2960A-2960D for texture operations, while sharing an instruction cache 2954, and shared memory 2962. In one embodiment the execution resources 2956A-2956D can share an instruction cache 2954 and shared memory 2962, as well as multiple instances of a texture and/or data cache memory 2958A-2958B. The various components can communicate via an interconnect fabric 2952 similar to the interconnect fabric 2927 of FIG. 29A.

Persons skilled in the art will understand that the architecture described in FIGS. 27, 28A-28D, and 29A-29B are descriptive and not limiting as to the scope of the present embodiments. Thus, the techniques described herein may be implemented on any properly configured processing unit, including, without limitation, one or more mobile application processors, one or more desktop or server central processing units (CPUs) including multi-core CPUs, one or more parallel processing units, such as the parallel processing unit 2802 of FIG. 28 , as well as one or more graphics processors or special purpose processing units, without departure from the scope of the embodiments described herein.

In some embodiments a parallel processor or GPGPU as described herein is communicatively coupled to host/processor cores to accelerate graphics operations, machine-learning operations, pattern analysis operations, and various general purpose GPU (GPGPU) functions. The GPU may be communicatively coupled to the host processor/cores over a bus or other interconnect (e.g., a high speed interconnect such as PCIe or NVLink). In other embodiments, the GPU may be integrated on the same package or chip as the cores and communicatively coupled to the cores over an internal processor bus/interconnect (i.e., internal to the package or chip). Regardless of the manner in which the GPU is connected, the processor cores may allocate work to the GPU in the form of sequences of commands/instructions contained in a work descriptor. The GPU then uses dedicated circuitry/logic for efficiently processing these commands/instructions.

Techniques for GPU to Host Processor Interconnection

FIG. 30A illustrates an exemplary architecture in which a plurality of GPUs 3010-3013 are communicatively coupled to a plurality of multi-core processors 3005-3006 over high-speed links 3040-3043 (e.g., buses, point-to-point interconnects, etc.). In one embodiment, the high-speed links 3040-3043 support a communication throughput of 4 GB/s, 30 GB/s, 80 GB/s or higher, depending on the implementation. Various interconnect protocols may be used including, but not limited to, PCIe 4.0 or 5.0 and NVLink 2.0. However, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particular communication protocol or throughput.

In addition, in one embodiment, two or more of the GPUs 3010-3013 are interconnected over high-speed links 3044-3045, which may be implemented using the same or different protocols/links than those used for high-speed links 3040-3043. Similarly, two or more of the multi-core processors 3005-3006 may be connected over high speed link 3033 which may be symmetric multi-processor (SMP) buses operating at 20 GB/s, 30 GB/s, 120 GB/s or higher. Alternatively, all communication between the various system components shown in FIG. 30A may be accomplished using the same protocols/links (e.g., over a common interconnection fabric). As mentioned, however, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to any particular type of interconnect technology.

In one embodiment, each multi-core processor 3005-3006 is communicatively coupled to a processor memory 3001-3002, via memory interconnects 3030-3031, respectively, and each GPU 3010-3013 is communicatively coupled to GPU memory 3020-3023 over GPU memory interconnects 3050-3053, respectively. The memory interconnects 3030-3031 and 3050-3053 may utilize the same or different memory access technologies. By way of example, and not limitation, the processor memories 3001-3002 and GPU memories 3020-3023 may be volatile memories such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs) (including stacked DRAMs), Graphics DDR SDRAM (GDDR) (e.g., GDDR5, GDDR6), or High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) and/or may be non-volatile memories such as 3D XPoint or Nano-Ram. In one embodiment, some portion of the memories may be volatile memory and another portion may be non-volatile memory (e.g., using a two-level memory (2LM) hierarchy).

As described below, although the various processors 3005-3006 and GPUs 3010-3013 may be physically coupled to a particular memory 3001-3002, 3020-3023, respectively, a unified memory architecture may be implemented in which the same virtual system address space (also referred to as the “effective address” space) is distributed among all of the various physical memories. For example, processor memories 3001-3002 may each comprise 64 GB of the system memory address space and GPU memories 3020-3023 may each comprise 32 GB of the system memory address space (resulting in a total of 256 GB addressable memory in this example).

FIG. 30B illustrates additional details for an interconnection between a multi-core processor 3007 and a graphics acceleration module 3046 in accordance with one embodiment. The graphics acceleration module 3046 may include one or more GPU chips integrated on a line card which is coupled to the processor 3007 via the high-speed link 3040. Alternatively, the graphics acceleration module 3046 may be integrated on the same package or chip as the processor 3007.

The illustrated processor 3007 includes a plurality of cores 3060A-3060D, each with a translation lookaside buffer 3061A-3061D and one or more caches 3062A-3062D. The cores may include various other components for executing instructions and processing data which are not illustrated to avoid obscuring the underlying principles of the invention (e.g., instruction fetch units, branch prediction units, decoders, execution units, reorder buffers, etc.). The caches 3062A-3062D may comprise level 1 (L1) and level 2 (L2) caches. In addition, one or more shared caches 3026 may be included in the caching hierarchy and shared by sets of the cores 3060A-3060D. For example, one embodiment of the processor 3007 includes 24 cores, each with its own L1 cache, twelve shared L2 caches, and twelve shared L3 caches. In this embodiment, one of the L2 and L3 caches are shared by two adjacent cores. The processor 3007 and the graphics accelerator integration module 3046 connect with system memory 3041, which may include processor memories 3001-3002.

Coherency is maintained for data and instructions stored in the various caches 3062A-3062D, 3056 and system memory 3041 via inter-core communication over a coherence bus 3064. For example, each cache may have cache coherency logic/circuitry associated therewith to communicate to over the coherence bus 3064 in response to detected reads or writes to particular cache lines. In one implementation, a cache snooping protocol is implemented over the coherence bus 3064 to snoop cache accesses. Cache snooping/coherency techniques are well understood by those of skill in the art and will not be described in detail here to avoid obscuring the underlying principles of the invention.

In one embodiment, a proxy circuit 3025 communicatively couples the graphics acceleration module 3046 to the coherence bus 3064, allowing the graphics acceleration module 3046 to participate in the cache coherence protocol as a peer of the cores. In particular, an interface 3035 provides connectivity to the proxy circuit 3025 over high-speed link 3040 (e.g., a PCIe bus, NVLink, etc.) and an interface 3037 connects the graphics acceleration module 3046 to the link 3040.

In one implementation, an accelerator integration circuit 3036 provides cache management, memory access, context management, and interrupt management services on behalf of a plurality of graphics processing engines 3031, 3032, N of the graphics acceleration module 3046. The graphics processing engines 3031, 3032, N may each comprise a separate graphics processing unit (GPU). Alternatively, the graphics processing engines 3031, 3032, N may comprise different types of graphics processing engines within a GPU such as graphics execution units, media processing engines (e.g., video encoders/decoders), samplers, and blit engines. In other words, the graphics acceleration module may be a GPU with a plurality of graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N or the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N may be individual GPUs integrated on a common package, line card, or chip.

In one embodiment, the accelerator integration circuit 3036 includes a memory management unit (MMU) 3039 for performing various memory management functions such as virtual-to-physical memory translations (also referred to as effective-to-real memory translations) and memory access protocols for accessing system memory 3041. The MMU 3039 may also include a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) (not shown) for caching the virtual/effective to physical/real address translations. In one implementation, a cache 3038 stores commands and data for efficient access by the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N. In one embodiment, the data stored in cache 3038 and graphics memories 3033-3034, N is kept coherent with the core caches 3062A-3062D, 3056 and system memory 3011. As mentioned, this may be accomplished via proxy circuit 3025 which takes part in the cache coherency mechanism on behalf of cache 3038 and memories 3033-3034, N (e.g., sending updates to the cache 3038 related to modifications/accesses of cache lines on processor caches 3062A-3062D, 3056 and receiving updates from the cache 3038).

A set of registers 3045 store context data for threads executed by the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N and a context management circuit 3048 manages the thread contexts. For example, the context management circuit 3048 may perform save and restore operations to save and restore contexts of the various threads during contexts switches (e.g., where a first thread is saved and a second thread is stored so that the second thread can be execute by a graphics processing engine). For example, on a context switch, the context management circuit 3048 may store current register values to a designated region in memory (e.g., identified by a context pointer). It may then restore the register values when returning to the context. In one embodiment, an interrupt management circuit 3047 receives and processes interrupts received from system devices.

In one implementation, virtual/effective addresses from a graphics processing engine 3031 are translated to real/physical addresses in system memory 3011 by the MMU 3039. One embodiment of the accelerator integration circuit 3036 supports multiple (e.g., 4, 8, 16) graphics accelerator modules 3046 and/or other accelerator devices. The graphics accelerator module 3046 may be dedicated to a single application executed on the processor 3007 or may be shared between multiple applications. In one embodiment, a virtualized graphics execution environment is presented in which the resources of the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N are shared with multiple applications or virtual machines (VMs). The resources may be subdivided into “slices” which are allocated to different VMs and/or applications based on the processing requirements and priorities associated with the VMs and/or applications.

Thus, the accelerator integration circuit acts as a bridge to the system for the graphics acceleration module 3046 and provides address translation and system memory cache services. In addition, the accelerator integration circuit 3036 may provide virtualization facilities for the host processor to manage virtualization of the graphics processing engines, interrupts, and memory management.

Because hardware resources of the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N are mapped explicitly to the real address space seen by the host processor 3007, any host processor can address these resources directly using an effective address value. One function of the accelerator integration circuit 3036, in one embodiment, is the physical separation of the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N so that they appear to the system as independent units.

As mentioned, in the illustrated embodiment, one or more graphics memories 3033-3034, M are coupled to each of the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N, respectively. The graphics memories 3033-3034, M store instructions and data being processed by each of the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N. The graphics memories 3033-3034, M may be volatile memories such as DRAMs (including stacked DRAMs), GDDR memory (e.g., GDDR5, GDDR6), or HBM, and/or may be non-volatile memories such as 3D XPoint or Nano-Ram.

In one embodiment, to reduce data traffic over link 3040, biasing techniques are used to ensure that the data stored in graphics memories 3033-3034, M is data which will be used most frequently by the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N and preferably not used by the cores 3060A-3060D (at least not frequently). Similarly, the biasing mechanism attempts to keep data needed by the cores (and preferably not the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N) within the caches 3062A-3062D, 3056 of the cores and system memory 3011.

FIG. 30C illustrates another embodiment in which the accelerator integration circuit 3036 is integrated within the processor 3007. In this embodiment, the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N communicate directly over the high-speed link 3040 to the accelerator integration circuit 3036 via interface 3037 and interface 3035 (which, again, may be utilize any form of bus or interface protocol). The accelerator integration circuit 3036 may perform the same operations as those described with respect to FIG. 30B, but potentially at a higher throughput given its close proximity to the coherency bus 3062 and caches 3062A-3062D, 3026.

One embodiment supports different programming models including a dedicated-process programming model (no graphics acceleration module virtualization) and shared programming models (with virtualization). The latter may include programming models which are controlled by the accelerator integration circuit 3036 and programming models which are controlled by the graphics acceleration module 3046.

In one embodiment of the dedicated process model, graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N are dedicated to a single application or process under a single operating system. The single application can funnel other application requests to the graphics engines 3031-3032, N, providing virtualization within a VM/partition.

In the dedicated-process programming models, the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N, may be shared by multiple VM/application partitions. The shared models require a system hypervisor to virtualize the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N to allow access by each operating system. For single-partition systems without a hypervisor, the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N are owned by the operating system. In both cases, the operating system can virtualize the graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N to provide access to each process or application.

For the shared programming model, the graphics acceleration module 3046 or an individual graphics processing engine 3031-3032, N selects a process element using a process handle. In one embodiment, process elements are stored in system memory 3011 and are addressable using the effective address to real address translation techniques described herein. The process handle may be an implementation-specific value provided to the host process when registering its context with the graphics processing engine 3031-3032, N (that is, calling system software to add the process element to the process element linked list). The lower 16-bits of the process handle may be the offset of the process element within the process element linked list.

FIG. 30D illustrates an exemplary accelerator integration slice 3090. As used herein, a “slice” comprises a specified portion of the processing resources of the accelerator integration circuit 3036. Application effective address space 3082 within system memory 3011 stores process elements 3083. In one embodiment, the process elements 3083 are stored in response to GPU invocations 3081 from applications 3080 executed on the processor 3007. A process element 3083 contains the process state for the corresponding application 3080. A work descriptor (WD) 3084 contained in the process element 3083 can be a single job requested by an application or may contain a pointer to a queue of jobs. In the latter case, the WD 3084 is a pointer to the job request queue in the application's address space 3082.

The graphics acceleration module 3046 and/or the individual graphics processing engines 3031-3032, N can be shared by all or a subset of the processes in the system. Embodiments of the invention include an infrastructure for setting up the process state and sending a WD 3084 to a graphics acceleration module 3046 to start a job in a virtualized environment.

In one implementation, the dedicated-process programming model is implementation-specific. In this model, a single process owns the graphics acceleration module 3046 or an individual graphics processing engine 3031. Because the graphics acceleration module 3046 is owned by a single process, the hypervisor initializes the accelerator integration circuit 3036 for the owning partition and the operating system initializes the accelerator integration circuit 3036 for the owning process at the time when the graphics acceleration module 3046 is assigned.

In operation, a WD fetch unit 3091 in the accelerator integration slice 3090 fetches the next WD 3084 which includes an indication of the work to be done by one of the graphics processing engines of the graphics acceleration module 3046. Data from the WD 3084 may be stored in registers 3045 and used by the MMU 3039, interrupt management circuit 3047 and/or context management circuit 3046 as illustrated. For example, one embodiment of the MMU 3039 includes segment/page walk circuitry for accessing segment/page tables 3086 within the OS virtual address space 3085. The interrupt management circuit 3047 may process interrupt events 3092 received from the graphics acceleration module 3046. When performing graphics operations, an effective address 3093 generated by a graphics processing engine 3031-3032, N is translated to a real address by the MMU 3039.

In one embodiment, the same set of registers 3045 are duplicated for each graphics processing engine 3031-3032, N and/or graphics acceleration module 3046 and may be initialized by the hypervisor or operating system. Each of these duplicated registers may be included in an accelerator integration slice 3090. Exemplary registers that may be initialized by the hypervisor are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Hypervisor Initialized Registers 1 Slice Control Register 2 Real Address (RA) Scheduled Processes Area Pointer 3 Authority Mask Override Register 4 Interrupt Vector Table Entry Offset 5 Interrupt Vector Table Entry Limit 6 State Register 7 Logical Partition ID 8 Real address (RA) Hypervisor Accelerator Utilization Record Pointer 9 Storage Description Register

Exemplary registers that may be initialized by the operating system are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Operating System Initialized Registers 1 Process and Thread Identification 2 Effective Address (EA) Context Save/Restore Pointer 3 Virtual Address (VA) Accelerator Utilization Record Pointer 4 Virtual Address (VA) Storage Segment Table Pointer 5 Authority Mask 6 Work descriptor

In one embodiment, each WD 3084 is specific to a particular graphics acceleration module 3046 and/or graphics processing engine 3031-3032, N. It contains all the information a graphics processing engine 3031-3032, N requires to do its work or it can be a pointer to a memory location where the application has set up a command queue of work to be completed.

FIG. 30E illustrates additional details for one embodiment of a shared model. This embodiment includes a hypervisor real address space 3098 in which a process element list 3099 is stored. The hypervisor real address space 3098 is accessible via a hypervisor 3096 which virtualizes the graphics acceleration module engines for the operating system 3095.

The shared programming models allow for all or a subset of processes from all or a subset of partitions in the system to use a graphics acceleration module 3046. There are two programming models where the graphics acceleration module 3046 is shared by multiple processes and partitions: time-sliced shared and graphics directed shared.

In this model, the system hypervisor 3096 owns the graphics acceleration module 3046 and makes its function available to all operating systems 3095. For a graphics acceleration module 3046 to support virtualization by the system hypervisor 3096, the graphics acceleration module 3046 may adhere to the following requirements: 1) An application's job request must be autonomous (that is, the state does not need to be maintained between jobs), or the graphics acceleration module 3046 must provide a context save and restore mechanism. 2) An application's job request is guaranteed by the graphics acceleration module 3046 to complete in a specified amount of time, including any translation faults, or the graphics acceleration module 3046 provides the ability to preempt the processing of the job. 3) The graphics acceleration module 3046 must be guaranteed fairness between processes when operating in the directed shared programming model.

In one embodiment, for the shared model, the application 3080 is required to make an operating system 3095 system call with a graphics acceleration module 3046 type, a work descriptor (WD), an authority mask register (AMR) value, and a context save/restore area pointer (CSRP). The graphics acceleration module 3046 type describes the targeted acceleration function for the system call. The graphics acceleration module 3046 type may be a system-specific value. The WD is formatted specifically for the graphics acceleration module 3046 and can be in the form of a graphics acceleration module 3046 command, an effective address pointer to a user-defined structure, an effective address pointer to a queue of commands, or any other data structure to describe the work to be done by the graphics acceleration module 3046. In one embodiment, the AMR value is the AMR state to use for the current process. The value passed to the operating system is similar to an application setting the AMR. If the accelerator integration circuit 3036 and graphics acceleration module 3046 implementations do not support a User Authority Mask Override Register (UAMOR), the operating system may apply the current UAMOR value to the AMR value before passing the AMR in the hypervisor call. The hypervisor 3096 may optionally apply the current Authority Mask Override Register (AMOR) value before placing the AMR into the process element 3083. In one embodiment, the CSRP is one of the registers 3045 containing the effective address of an area in the application's address space 3082 for the graphics acceleration module 3046 to save and restore the context state. This pointer is optional if no state is required to be saved between jobs or when a job is preempted. The context save/restore area may be pinned system memory.

Upon receiving the system call, the operating system 3095 may verify that the application 3080 has registered and been given the authority to use the graphics acceleration module 3046. The operating system 3095 then calls the hypervisor 3096 with the information shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 OS to Hypervisor Call Parameters 1 A work descriptor (WD) 2 An Authority Mask Register (AMR) value (potentially masked). 3 An effective address (EA) Context Save/Restore Area Pointer (CSRP) 4 A process ID (PID) and optional thread ID (TID) 5 A virtual address (VA) accelerator utilization record pointer (AURP) 6 The virtual address of the storage segment table pointer (SSTP) 7 A logical interrupt service number (LISN)

Upon receiving the hypervisor call, the hypervisor 3096 verifies that the operating system 3095 has registered and been given the authority to use the graphics acceleration module 3046. The hypervisor 3096 then puts the process element 3083 into the process element linked list for the corresponding graphics acceleration module 3046 type. The process element may include the information shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Process Element Information 1 A work descriptor (WD) 2 An Authority Mask Register (AMR) value (potentially masked). 3 An effective address (EA) Context Save/Restore Area Pointer (CSRP) 4 A process ID (PID) and optional thread ID (TID) 5 A virtual address (VA) accelerator utilization record pointer (AURP) 6 The virtual address of the storage segment table pointer (SSTP) 7 A logical interrupt service number (LISN) 8 Interrupt vector table, derived from the hypervisor call parameters. 9 A state register (SR) value 10 A logical partition ID (LPID) 11 A real address (RA) hypervisor accelerator utilization record pointer 12 The Storage Descriptor Register (SDR)

In one embodiment, the hypervisor initializes a plurality of accelerator integration slice 3090 registers 3045.

As illustrated in FIG. 30F, one embodiment of the invention employs a unified memory addressable via a common virtual memory address space used to access the physical processor memories 3001-3002 and GPU memories 3020-3023. In this implementation, operations executed on the GPUs 3010-3013 utilize the same virtual/effective memory address space to access the processors memories 3001-3002 and vice versa, thereby simplifying programmability. In one embodiment, a first portion of the virtual/effective address space is allocated to the processor memory 3001, a second portion to the second processor memory 3002, a third portion to the GPU memory 3020, and so on. The entire virtual/effective memory space (sometimes referred to as the effective address space) is thereby distributed across each of the processor memories 3001-3002 and GPU memories 3020-3023, allowing any processor or GPU to access any physical memory with a virtual address mapped to that memory.

In one embodiment, bias/coherence management circuitry 3094A-3094E within one or more of the MMUs 3039A-3039E ensures cache coherence between the caches of the host processors (e.g., 3005) and the GPUs 3010-3013 and implements biasing techniques indicating the physical memories in which certain types of data should be stored. While multiple instances of bias/coherence management circuitry 3094A-3094E are illustrated in FIG. 30F, the bias/coherence circuitry may be implemented within the MMU of one or more host processors 3005 and/or within the accelerator integration circuit 3036.

One embodiment allows GPU-attached memory 3020-3023 to be mapped as part of system memory, and accessed using shared virtual memory (SVM) technology, but without suffering the typical performance drawbacks associated with full system cache coherence. The ability to GPU-attached memory 3020-3023 to be accessed as system memory without onerous cache coherence overhead provides a beneficial operating environment for GPU offload. This arrangement allows the host processor 3005 software to setup operands and access computation results, without the overhead of tradition I/O DMA data copies. Such traditional copies involve driver calls, interrupts and memory mapped I/O (MMIO) accesses that are all inefficient relative to simple memory accesses. At the same time, the ability to access GPU attached memory 3020-3023 without cache coherence overheads can be critical to the execution time of an offloaded computation. In cases with substantial streaming write memory traffic, for example, cache coherence overhead can significantly reduce the effective write bandwidth seen by a GPU 3010-3013. The efficiency of operand setup, the efficiency of results access, and the efficiency of GPU computation all play a role in determining the effectiveness of GPU offload.

In one implementation, the selection of between GPU bias and host processor bias is driven by a bias tracker data structure. A bias table may be used, for example, which may be a page-granular structure (i.e., controlled at the granularity of a memory page) that includes 1 or 2 bits per GPU-attached memory page. The bias table may be implemented in a stolen memory range of one or more GPU-attached memories 3020-3023, with or without a bias cache in the GPU 3010-3013 (e.g., to cache frequently/recently used entries of the bias table). Alternatively, the entire bias table may be maintained within the GPU.

In one implementation, the bias table entry associated with each access to the GPU-attached memory 3020-3023 is accessed prior the actual access to the GPU memory, causing the following operations. First, local requests from the GPU 3010-3013 that find their page in GPU bias are forwarded directly to a corresponding GPU memory 3020-3023. Local requests from the GPU that find their page in host bias are forwarded to the processor 3005 (e.g., over a high-speed link as discussed above). In one embodiment, requests from the processor 3005 that find the requested page in host processor bias complete the request like a normal memory read. Alternatively, requests directed to a GPU-biased page may be forwarded to the GPU 3010-3013. The GPU may then transition the page to a host processor bias if it is not currently using the page.

The bias state of a page can be changed either by a software-based mechanism, a hardware-assisted software-based mechanism, or, for a limited set of cases, a purely hardware-based mechanism.

One mechanism for changing the bias state employs an API call (e.g. OpenCL), which, in turn, calls the GPU's device driver which, in turn, sends a message (or enqueues a command descriptor) to the GPU directing it to change the bias state and, for some transitions, perform a cache flushing operation in the host. The cache flushing operation is required for a transition from host processor 3005 bias to GPU bias, but is not required for the opposite transition.

In one embodiment, cache coherency is maintained by temporarily rendering GPU-biased pages uncacheable by the host processor 3005. To access these pages, the processor 3005 may request access from the GPU 3010 which may or may not grant access right away, depending on the implementation. Thus, to reduce communication between the processor 3005 and GPU 3010 it is beneficial to ensure that GPU-biased pages are those which are required by the GPU but not the host processor 3005 and vice versa.

Graphics Processing Pipeline

FIG. 31 illustrates a graphics processing pipeline 3100, according to an embodiment. In one embodiment a graphics processor can implement the illustrated graphics processing pipeline 3100. The graphics processor can be included within the parallel processing subsystems as described herein, such as the parallel processor 2800 of FIG. 28 , which, in one embodiment, is a variant of the parallel processor(s) 2712 of FIG. 27 . The various parallel processing systems can implement the graphics processing pipeline 3100 via one or more instances of the parallel processing unit (e.g., parallel processing unit 2802 of FIG. 28 ) as described herein. For example, a shader unit (e.g., graphics multiprocessor 2834 of FIG. 29 ) may be configured to perform the functions of one or more of a vertex processing unit 3104, a tessellation control processing unit 3108, a tessellation evaluation processing unit 3112, a geometry processing unit 3116, and a fragment/pixel processing unit 3124. The functions of data assembler 3102, primitive assemblers 3106, 3114, 3118, tessellation unit 3110, rasterizer 3122, and raster operations unit 3126 may also be performed by other processing engines within a processing cluster (e.g., processing cluster 214 of FIG. 3 ) and a corresponding partition unit (e.g., partition unit 220A-220N of FIG. 2 ). The graphics processing pipeline 3100 may also be implemented using dedicated processing units for one or more functions. In one embodiment, one or more portions of the graphics processing pipeline 3100 can be performed by parallel processing logic within a general purpose processor (e.g., CPU). In one embodiment, one or more portions of the graphics processing pipeline 3100 can access on-chip memory (e.g., parallel processor memory 2822 as in FIG. 28 ) via a memory interface 3128, which may be an instance of the memory interface 2818 of FIG. 28 .

In one embodiment the data assembler 3102 is a processing unit that collects vertex data for surfaces and primitives. The data assembler 3102 then outputs the vertex data, including the vertex attributes, to the vertex processing unit 3104. The vertex processing unit 3104 is a programmable execution unit that executes vertex shader programs, lighting and transforming vertex data as specified by the vertex shader programs. The vertex processing unit 3104 reads data that is stored in cache, local or system memory for use in processing the vertex data and may be programmed to transform the vertex data from an object-based coordinate representation to a world space coordinate space or a normalized device coordinate space.

A first instance of a primitive assembler 3106 receives vertex attributes from the vertex processing unit 310. The primitive assembler 3106 readings stored vertex attributes as needed and constructs graphics primitives for processing by tessellation control processing unit 3108. The graphics primitives include triangles, line segments, points, patches, and so forth, as supported by various graphics processing application programming interfaces (APIs).

The tessellation control processing unit 3108 treats the input vertices as control points for a geometric patch. The control points are transformed from an input representation from the patch (e.g., the patch's bases) to a representation that is suitable for use in surface evaluation by the tessellation evaluation processing unit 3112. The tessellation control processing unit 3108 can also compute tessellation factors for edges of geometric patches. A tessellation factor applies to a single edge and quantifies a view-dependent level of detail associated with the edge. A tessellation unit 3110 is configured to receive the tessellation factors for edges of a patch and to tessellate the patch into multiple geometric primitives such as line, triangle, or quadrilateral primitives, which are transmitted to a tessellation evaluation processing unit 3112. The tessellation evaluation processing unit 3112 operates on parameterized coordinates of the subdivided patch to generate a surface representation and vertex attributes for each vertex associated with the geometric primitives.

A second instance of a primitive assembler 3114 receives vertex attributes from the tessellation evaluation processing unit 3112, reading stored vertex attributes as needed, and constructs graphics primitives for processing by the geometry processing unit 3116. The geometry processing unit 3116 is a programmable execution unit that executes geometry shader programs to transform graphics primitives received from primitive assembler 3114 as specified by the geometry shader programs. In one embodiment the geometry processing unit 3116 is programmed to subdivide the graphics primitives into one or more new graphics primitives and calculate parameters used to rasterize the new graphics primitives.

In some embodiments the geometry processing unit 3116 can add or delete elements in the geometry stream. The geometry processing unit 3116 outputs the parameters and vertices specifying new graphics primitives to primitive assembler 3118. The primitive assembler 3118 receives the parameters and vertices from the geometry processing unit 3116 and constructs graphics primitives for processing by a viewport scale, cull, and clip unit 3120. The geometry processing unit 3116 reads data that is stored in parallel processor memory or system memory for use in processing the geometry data. The viewport scale, cull, and clip unit 3120 performs clipping, culling, and viewport scaling and outputs processed graphics primitives to a rasterizer 3122.

The rasterizer 3122 can perform depth culling and other depth-based optimizations. The rasterizer 3122 also performs scan conversion on the new graphics primitives to generate fragments and output those fragments and associated coverage data to the fragment/pixel processing unit 3124. The fragment/pixel processing unit 3124 is a programmable execution unit that is configured to execute fragment shader programs or pixel shader programs. The fragment/pixel processing unit 3124 transforming fragments or pixels received from rasterizer 3122, as specified by the fragment or pixel shader programs. For example, the fragment/pixel processing unit 3124 may be programmed to perform operations included but not limited to texture mapping, shading, blending, texture correction and perspective correction to produce shaded fragments or pixels that are output to a raster operations unit 3126. The fragment/pixel processing unit 3124 can read data that is stored in either the parallel processor memory or the system memory for use when processing the fragment data. Fragment or pixel shader programs may be configured to shade at sample, pixel, tile, or other granularities depending on the sampling rate configured for the processing units.

The raster operations unit 3126 is a processing unit that performs raster operations including, but not limited to stencil, z test, blending, and the like, and outputs pixel data as processed graphics data to be stored in graphics memory (e.g., parallel processor memory 2822 as in FIG. 28 , and/or system memory 2704 as in FIG. 27 , to be displayed on the one or more display device(s) 2710 or for further processing by one of the one or more processor(s) 2702 or parallel processor(s) 2712. In some embodiments the raster operations unit 3126 is configured to compress z or color data that is written to memory and decompress z or color data that is read from memory.

In embodiments, the term “engine” or “module” or “logic” may refer to, be part of, or include an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. In embodiments, an engine or a module may be implemented in firmware, hardware, software, or any combination of firmware, hardware, and software.

Embodiments of the invention may include various steps, which have been described above. The steps may be embodied in machine-executable instructions which may be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor to perform the steps. Alternatively, these steps may be performed by specific hardware components that contain hardwired logic for performing the steps, or by any combination of programmed computer components and custom hardware components.

As described herein, instructions may refer to specific configurations of hardware such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) configured to perform certain operations or having a predetermined functionality or software instructions stored in memory embodied in a non-transitory computer readable medium. Thus, the techniques shown in the figures can be implemented using code and data stored and executed on one or more electronic devices (e.g., an end station, a network element, etc.). Such electronic devices store and communicate (internally and/or with other electronic devices over a network) code and data using computer machine-readable media, such as non-transitory computer machine-readable storage media (e.g., magnetic disks; optical disks; random access memory; read only memory; flash memory devices; phase-change memory) and transitory computer machine-readable communication media (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals—such as carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.).

In addition, such electronic devices typically include a set of one or more processors coupled to one or more other components, such as one or more storage devices (non-transitory machine-readable storage media), user input/output devices (e.g., a keyboard, a touchscreen, and/or a display), and network connections. The coupling of the set of processors and other components is typically through one or more busses and bridges (also termed as bus controllers). The storage device and signals carrying the network traffic respectively represent one or more machine-readable storage media and machine-readable communication media. Thus, the storage device of a given electronic device typically stores code and/or data for execution on the set of one or more processors of that electronic device. Of course, one or more parts of an embodiment of the invention may be implemented using different combinations of software, firmware, and/or hardware. Throughout this detailed description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details were set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In certain instances, well known structures and functions were not described in elaborate detail in order to avoid obscuring the subject matter of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope and spirit of the invention should be judged in terms of the claims which follow. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a local memory comprising a plurality of stacked dynamic random access memory, DRAM, dies; a graphics processor comprising: a processing cluster array comprising a plurality of compute units to execute parallel compute instructions and process data stored in the local memory; a memory interconnect to couple the processing cluster array to the local memory; a host processor interconnect to couple the processing cluster array to a host processor; wherein at least a portion of the local memory is to be shared with the host processor, the compute units and the host processor to access data from the portion of the local memory using a shared virtual memory (SVM) address space; and coherency hardware logic to maintain coherency of the data stored in the portion of local memory, the coherency hardware logic to maintain a directory to track the portion of the local memory in accordance with access by the host processor and the compute units, wherein the coherency hardware logic is to perform state updates associated with the data in response to both updates received from the host processor over the host processor interconnect and updates received from the compute units, wherein responsive to the directory to track the portion of the local memory indicating a memory location to be biased in favor of the compute units, a host processor access request to the memory location is to be served without the host processor caching the data at the memory location, and a compute unit access request to the memory location is to be served without sending a transaction to the host processor.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: address translation hardware logic coupled to the compute units, the address translation hardware logic to translate a virtual address received from a compute unit to a physical address within the portion of the local memory, wherein the physical address is to match a physical address provided by an external address translation hardware logic of the host processor to access the portion of the local memory.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the directory comprises a table to track memory pages within the portion of the local memory accessed by the host processor and the compute units.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the table comprises a plurality of entries, each entry indicating a state value associated with a corresponding memory page, the state value to be used by the coherency hardware logic to manage coherency of the page.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the state value comprises a bias value indicating whether the corresponding memory page is biased in favor of the compute units or the host processor.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein if the state value is in a first state, the compute units are to be permitted to access the corresponding memory page without first sending a request to the host processor.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the local memory comprises a high bandwidth memory (HBM).
 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the coherency hardware logic is to transmit and receive coherency transactions over the host processor interconnect to maintain coherency of at least some of the data stored in the portion of the local memory. 